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FIKST SIGNS OF LAND. 



PRACTICAL EDUCATIONAL SERIES. 



SCHOOL HISTORY 



UNITED STATES, 



FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS 
TO THE PRESENT TIME, 



REVIEW OUTI-INES, BLACK-BOARD FORMS AND OTHER DEVICES TO AID IN THE 
SUCCESSFUL PRESENTATION OF THE SUBJECT. 



P 15 !8H7 ; 



HENRY E. CHAMBERS, 

Principal, McDonough No. I2 School, Nezv Orleans. 



NEW ORLEANS: 
Published by F. F. HANSELL & BRO. 



PRACTICAL EDUCATIONAL SERIES. 



Chambers' Twenty Lessons in Book-Keeping. 
Hanseli.'s Penmanship. 

Hansell's School Histoky of the United States. 
Nicholson's Primary Arithmetic. 
Nicholson's Intermediate Arithmetic. 
Nicholson's Complete Arithmetic. 



COPYRIGHT 

1SS7. 

F. F. HANSELL & BRO 









s) 



PRE^P'AGF,, 



9 

►■• — 



fNITED States History has been seldom considered 
from the standpoint of those that teach and 
those that pursue the study in the common schools 
of the country. School histories written upon well 
defined and generally accepted normal teaching princi- 
ples are few in number. The author has long felt the 
want of just such an arrangement of the subject as is 
herein presented, and believes this want to be the ex- 
perience of many. It is the aim of this work to im- 
part to the child-mind a knowledge of the principal 
events of our country's history, and at the same time 
to fix firmly, ideas of the consecutiveness and relative 
time of these events. We believe experienced teachers 
will recognize in the following arrangement a simple 
and logical method of presenting the subject: 

The Introduction, giving a brief outline of the 
ground to be covered ; 

The Periods, or division of the subject, few in num- 
ber, each treated separately ; 

The Chapters, conveniently sub-dividing period 
subjects ; 

Preliminary Geography Questions to the chapters, 
emphasizing the close connection between history and 
geography ; 



4 Preface. 

Black-board Forms, to assist memory and aid in 
teaching the text; 

Review Outlines, answering the purpose (as do 
the black-board forms) of the many teachers who employ 
the topic method ; 

The Chapter Questions, so worded as to require 
other answer than "Yes" or "No"; 

The Review Questions, accompanying each period, 
the final set testing a knowledge of the whole. 

The language, is simple, the sentences are short, pre- 
senting no obstruction to the young mind in grasping 
the ideas conveyed. The illustrations, designed and en- 
graved expressly for this work, are by B. A. Wikstrom, 

E. Woodward (Tulane University), and others, and speak 
for themselves. The publishers have spared no expense, 
and feel a pardonable pride in giving to the public the 
first book of the kind ever issued by a Southern pub- 
lishing house. A preliminary edition of the work wa& 
prepared and placed in the hands of pupils under expe- 
rienced teachers, with a view of testing its adaptability 
to the purpose designed. A number of suggestions 
were thus called forth, which have been embodied in the 
present edition, and for all such the author returns his 
thanks. Occasion is also taken to acknowledge appreci- 
ated favors in this line from Hon. Ulric Bettison, Super- 
intendent of Public Schools, of New Orleans ; Prof. O. 

F. Russell, of the Little Rock Public Schools ; Hon. 
Warren Easton, State Superintendent of Louisiana ; Hon. 
Franklin Garrett, Superintendent of Schools, Monroe^ 
La., and many others. A warm welcome awaits any 
further suggestions that will improve future editions, 

H. E. C. 




Introduction 

I.-PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

I —The Man that Discovered America 
Ii'—What CoUimbus Discovered . • 

Til"_The Man that Discovered the Main Land 
IV'.— Tiie Man after whom America was Named 
v!— Spanish Explorations . ■ • 
VT —The Man that Discovered blorida _ • 
VII '-The Man that Discovered the Mississippi River 
Vni'.-French, English, and Dutch Explorations . 
II.-PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT. 
IX —The Nations that Colonized America . 
x"— The First Quarrel over Territory 
Xl"— The Lost Colony of America . 
XIl'.— The Fir>t Permanent English Settlement 
XIII— The Father of Virginia 
XIV —Events of Early Virginia History . 
'xV.—Earlv History of New York . 
XVI —Puritans and Pilgrims . . • • 

XVII —Other New England Settlements . ._ 
XVIIL-Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 

XIX. — Maryland 

XX.— Carolina and Georgia . • • • 
XXI. — Louisiana .••••" 

MI.-PERIOD OF COLONIAL GROWTH 

XXII —Colonial Jealousies . • • • 
XXIli.— The Great Virginian • • • 
XXIV.— The Great Quarrel over Territory 

' XXV .—English Defeats 

XXVI.— English Successes . . • • 

XXVII.— Results of the War : . • . 



13 
16 



-7 
30 
33 
38- 



46 
48 
50 
54 
56 
59 
63 
67 
71 
74 
77 
80 



92 
94 
97 
loa 
103. 
105 



Goittents. 



IV.-PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION. 

XXV'III. — Wh\- the Colonists Resisted 
XXIX— .Getting Ready 
XXX.— Tiie First Battle . 
XXXI. — Driving the British from Bostor 
XXXII. — The War for Independence . 
XXXIII.— Washington .... 
XXXIV. — Gates and Lincohi 
XXXV. — Greene ..... 
XXXVI.— The Last Battle of the War 

V.-PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



rAf;i- . 
109 
112 

117 
121 

130 

1.37 



XXXVII 

XXXVIIl, 

XXXIX 

XL, 

XLI. 

XLII. 

XLIII. 

XLIV. 

XLV. 

XLVI. 

XLVII 

XLVIII. 



PART FIRST — ^UXrON. 

-The Union of States ...... 144 

-The Fir.st Four Presidcnt.s ..... 149 

-The War of 1812 156 



— Land Battles 

— Naval Battles ...... 

—The Battle of New Orleans . 

— The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Presidents 

—Tariff 

— The Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Presidents 
— Texas ....... 



159 
162 
166 
172 
176 
179 
182 



War with Mexico ....... 1S5 

The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth 
Presidents ........ 192 

XLIX.— Slavery 195 

P.\RT SECOND DISUNION. 

L. — Leaving the Union ..... 

LI.— The First Important Battle 
LIL— The War in the West .... 

LIII.— The War in Virginia 

LIV.— The Last of the War .... 
LV. — The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Presidents 



200 
206 
209 
316 
223 
229 



PART THIRD— REUNION. 



LVI. — The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twen- 

tv-first Presidents ...... 232 

LVIL— the United States of To-Day . . . .238 



REVIEW OUTLINES. 

Review Outline of First Period 

Relative Time of Discoveries and Explorations 



43 

44 



Contents. 



Review Outline of Second Period 

Relative Time of Settlements . . . 

Review Outline of the French and Indian War 

Review Outline of the Revolution 

Review Outline of the War of 1812 

Review Outline of the Mexican War 

Review Outline of the Civil War 

BLACKBOARD FORMS. 

The Four Voyages of Columbus 
The Three Great Discoverers 
Spanish Discoveries and Explorations 
Virginia Colon v .... 

New York 

Massachusetts ..... 

Pennsylvania .... 

Maryland ..... 

Carolina ..... 

Georgia ...... 

Louisiana ..... 

Causes ot the Revolution 
Washington's Administration 
Adams' Administration 
Jefferson's Administration 
Madison's Administration 
Naval Battles of War of 18 12 . 
Monroe's Administration 
J. Q. Adams' Administration . 
Jackson's Administration 
Van Buren's Administration 
Harrison and Tyler's Administration 

Texas 

Polk's Administration 

Taylor and Fillmore's Administration 

Pierce's Administration 

Buchanan's Administration 

Causes of the Civil War 

Battles of the West 

Battles of the East .... 

Last Battles . . '. 

Lincoln and Johnson's Administration 

Grant's Administration 

Hayes' Administration 

Garfield and Arthur's Administration 



88 
89 
107 
141 
171 
191 
22S 



24 
37 
62 

65 
70 

79 
79 

S3 
83 

8.5 
114 

154 
154 
154 
154 
165 
175 
175 
175 
iSi 
181 



198 
iqS 
198 
204 
214 
220 
226 

231 
236 
236 
236 




PAGE, 

The First Signs of Land . Frontispiece 

Introduction Heading 9 , 

Period Heading — Discovery . . . 13 I 

Leaving the Island 17 

Statue of Columbus at Genoa . . 19 
The Cabots I-anding at Labrador 12 
Balboa Discovering the Pacific 

Ocean 2S 

Landing of Ponce de Leon ... 31 
The Discovery of the Mississippi . 35 
LaSalle at Chickasaw Bluff ... 39 
Hudson Sailing up Hudson River . 41 
Period Heading — Settlement . . 46 
The Old Fort at St. Augustine . 49 

Croatan 52 

Ruins of Jamestown 55 

Pocahontas Interceding for Smith . 58 
Dutch Traders Selling Negroes . . 60 i 

Peter Stuyvesant 64 

The Mayflower . - 67 1 

Landing of the Puritans . . . . 6S 
Canonicus and Roger Williams . 71 , 

The Charter Oak 73 

Catholics Colonizing Maryland . . 7S 
Founding of New Orleans . . . S6 1 
Period Heading — Colonial Growth . 92 
■Washington and the French Com- 
mandant 96 

Braddock and Captain Jack . . . 100 , 
Wolfe's Army Ascending the 

Heights 104 

Period Heading — Revolution . . . 109 

Boston Tea Part\- Ill J 

A Minute Man 113 



P.\GE, 
Paul Revere Watching for the Sig- 
nal 116 

Fortifying Breed's Hill nS 

Continental Paper Money . . . .1:9 

Jasper's Heroism . 126 

Captain Molly 12S 

The Outpost 130 

Capture of Andre 13S 

Period Heading — Independence . . 144 
Moving to the Northwest Territory . 146 
Burning of the Philadelphia . . . r52 
Impressment of American Sailors . 157 
Croghan's Defence of Fort Steph- 
enson 161 

" Don't Give Up the Ship" .... 164 

Battle of New Orleans 167 

New England Factory 177 

The Alamo 183 

" General Taylor Never Surrenders" 187 
Crossing the Rocky Mountains . . iSS 
A Southern Cotton Field .... 196 

Disunion 200 

Bombardment of Fort Sumter . . 203 
" We will give them the bayonet" . 207 
Battle of Shiloh ...-.,.. 312 
Running the Fire of the Forts . . 3'I3 
Lee and Jackson — The Last Meet- 
ing 2XS 

The Last Charge at Gettysburg . , 222 

Virginia and Monitor 334 

Reunion 232 

Custei's Last Rally 233 

At the Jetties 239 

After the Earthquake 340- 




INTRODUCTION. 






^ 



1. An account, or < 

DESCRIPTION', of impor- 
- tant events happening • 
■ ~ in different portions of 

the world to-day will be found in the newspaper to-morrow 
morning. A description of events is called a History. 
A newspaper mav be considered a history of the world for 
a period of one day. 

2. Geography teaches us that there are many 
nations. Some of these nations have large populations 
and are rich, strong, and powerful. It has taken them 
many hundred years to grow and become what they 
are. The growth of a nation is called its de\'elop- 
MENT. A written account of a nation's development 
and description of the events that happen during its 
growth would be a history of that nation. 

3. The first thing to learn about an event is the 
place WHERE it happened, and next, ^VHE^^ Geography 
tells where, and Chronology tells us when. Therefore, it 



lO Introduction. 



has been said that Geoguaphv and Chronology are 
the two eyes with which history sees events. 

4. The Unitkd States has become one of the great 
nations of the world. Every boy and girl should know 
about United States History. 

5. Several hundred years ago this country was 
unknown to white people. Its. only inhabitants were 
Indians. The people of Europe came to know o£ it 
through several discoverers and explorers, the most 
celebrated of whom were Columbus, Cabot, and Vespucci. 
We are going to learn about the DISCOVERY. 

6. After this country was discovered, four nations 
sent over settlers, or colonists, to take possession of the 
land, or territory. The nations, that made these 
SETTLEMENTS were England, France, Spain, 
and Holland. 

7. Some of the territory was claimed by more than one 
nation. This caused many disputes, which sometimes 
ended in war. In these disputes the English were generally 
successful. The English colonies grew and prospered. 

8. After a period of COLONIAL GROWTH, the 
colonists became very much dissatisfied with the treat- 
ment they received from England, or the mother 
country. They determined to become independent. 
This independence was won by a long war, called the 
REVOLUTION. 

9. After the Revolution, the colonies united and 
became a nation. This nation is now known as the 
United States. It has made wonderful progress since 
independence was won. It will be very interesting to 
learn about this period of INDEPENDENCE. 



Black-Board Form, — Questions. ir 

BLAGK-BDARLI FDRM. 

of 



QUESTIONS. 

What is history ? Name some of the nations of the world ?' 
What is meant by the development of a nation ? What is the 
history of a nation ? What have been called the two eyes of 
history ? What does the Chronology of an event tell us ? What 
does Geography tell us ? What people were here before the 
whites ? Who were the three great discoverers and explorers ? 
Name the five periods of United States History. In what period 
of its history is the United States now ? 

Write a history of your school room for the period 
of one day. 



12 Period of Discovery. 



G-EnrxRAFHY gUESTIDNS. 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER I. 

Open your Geographies. Tiirti to the Alap of Europe. 

Where is Italy ? Spain ? France ? 

In whiat part of Italy is Genoa ? 

In what part of Spain is Palos ? 

In what two directions could you go from Spain to the south- 
eastern part of Asia ? 

In going west from Spain, what two oceans would you cross 
before reaching Asia ? 

Turn to the map of Africa and find the Canary Isles ? 

What direction are they from the southwestern part of Spain ? 

Turn to the map of the United States and find the Bahama 
Islands. What direction are they from the Canary Islands ? 




b£ 3 



The Man That Discovered 
America. 



small 

Spain 



I. On the third day 
of August, 1492, three 
vessels sailed from the little town of Palos, 
The names of these vessels were the Pinta, the 
Nina, and the Santa Maria. The captain of the Santa 
Maria, the largest of the three, was Christopher 
Columbus. Two brothers named Pinson commanded 
the other two, but they were under the direction of 
Columbus. 

2. Ninety sailors accompanied them. They were 
starting upon a very remarkable voyage. They were 
about to cross an ocean that, to their knowledge, had 
never been crossed. This voyage made Columbus one of 



14 Period of Discovery. 



the most famous men that ever existed. Let us learn 
something about him. 

3. Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa, Italy. 
He went to school until he was fourteen years old, then 
became a sailor, and followed the sea for fifteen years. 
People in those days did not know as much about the 
earth as they do now. They imagined it to be flat^ 
some even supposing it to be not only flat, but square^ 
and having four corners. 

4. Columbus had reason to believe otherwise. While 
making his voyages he studied over the matter a great 
deal. He finally came to the conclusion that the earth 
was not flat, but round. 

5. In those days the southeastern part of Asia was 
known as the Indies. Here were to be found gold, 
precious stones, silks, and spices. Europeans made long 
journeys to get these, but always went toward the east. 
When Columbus came to the conclusion that the earth 
was round, he thought that perhaps a shorter way to 
reach the Indies would be to sail west on the Atlantic 
Ocean. 

6. Columbus was very poor. He had no vessel of hi& 
own. When he spoke of the earth being round, ignor- 
ant people, and many who were considered very wise^ 
thought him crazy and ridiculed him. He made many- 
efforts to obtain assistance. He first went to Genoa, 
then to the King of Portugal, then to the King of 
Spain. He could get no one to listen to him or help 
him. 

7. At last Queen Isabella, wife of the King of 
Spain, was persuaded to help him. She did not have 



The Mati That Discovered America. 15 

the money, but by offering to pledge her jewels she 
obtained enough to fit out three vessels for Columbus. 
These were the three vessels with which he set sail 
from Palos. 

S. Columbus stopped at the Canary Islands a 
little while, and then sailed westward. Day after day 
passed with nothing to be seen but the sea and sky. 
The sailors became very uneasy, and tried to make 
Columbus turn back. Not listening to them, he sailed 
on. At last they became frightened, and threatened to 
throw him overboard if he would not return. With 
much difiiculty he persuaded them to give him a little 
more time. 

9. When this time had about expired, signs of land 
appeared. A branch filled with berries went floating by. 
and the sailors knew that land must be near. On the 
night of the i rth of October, lights were seen moving 
along what appeared to be a shore. When daylight came, 
all were oveijoyed to find land in sight. The man first 
to see land was Rodrigo Triana. The land seen was 
one of the Bahama Islands. 

QUESTIONS. 

What were the names of Columbus' vessels ? How many 
sailors did he have t What ocean was he about to cross r 
Where did he expect to go ? Why did people in those days go 
to the Indies ? What did Columbus believe to be the shape of 
the earth ? To whom did Columbus go for aid ? What queen 
befriended him ? What islands did he reach from Palos "i What 
troubles did he have after leaving these islands ? What islands 
appeared in sight on the 12th of October.^ Who first saw land ? 



1 6 Period of Discovery. 



E-EDGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

PRELI.MINAKY TO CHAPTER II. 

Where are tlie Bahama Islands ? 

Where is Cuba ? Hispaniola or Ilayti ? 

What direction is Spain from liayti ? 

Where is Jamaica ? 

What direction is Jamaica from Spain ? Spain from Jamaica 

Where is the Orinoco river in South America ? 

Where is the Isthmus of Darien ? 

Where are the West Indies ? 



CHAPTER II. 

What Columbus Discovered. 

1. When the sailors saw land, they felt very sorry for 
having caused their captain so much trouble. Columbus 
was so pleased with having succeeded in his voyage 
that he gave them all full pardon. 

2. When Columbus landed, the first thing he did was 
to kneel and thank God for his success. He then took 
possession of the island in the name of Ferdinand and 
Isabella, king and queen of Spain. 

3. He found a race of people on the island that 
were dark skinned. They wei-e gentle and kind. They 
thought the ships of the Spaniards were large birds and 
the sails wings. They looked upon Columbus and his 
men with great wonder. 

4. The natives called their island Guanahani. Col- 
umbus named it San Salvadok. As he thought he 
had reached the Indies, he called the people Indians. 



JV/iai Colutnbus Discovered. 



17 



5. Columbus began looking for gold and precious 
stones. Not finding any, lie erected a large cross, left 
the island, and made other discoveries among the Baha- 
mas. 

6. He soon reached Ctba and sailed along its shores. 
Then he came to Hayti, to which he gave the name 
of IIi.sPAXiOLA. Here 
he left thirty-five of his 
men to form a little settle- 
ment, which was named 
Isabella after the queen 
of Spain. 




LKAVINr, THE ISLAND. 



7. Leaving them the Santa Maria, with which to make 
a fort, he sailed for Spain. He took with hnn many 
things, sucli as animals, fruit, and birds, to show to the 
king. He also took with him some of the Indians. 



i8 Period of Discovery. 

8. When tlie people of Spain heard that Columbus 
had returned, and that he had been successful, they paid 
him many honors. He found no difficulty now in getting 
ships, and soon set off on another voyage. 

9. He reached Hayti, and found that the whole colony 
of Isabella had been killed. The natives had been mis- 
treated after the departure of Columbus, and had avenged 
themselves upon the Spaniards. 

10. Columbus discovered Jamaica on his second 
voyage. On his third, he discovered South America 
near the mouth of the Orixoco ri\('r, and on his fourth, 
the Isthmus of Darihx. 

11. Columbus died without knowing that the land he 
discovered was not Asia. A\'e now have two Indies in 
the world, the Indies of Asia and the Indies that Col- 
umbus discovered. One is called the East and the 
other tlie West Indies. Columbus ga\e to Spain a 
Xew World. 




STATUE OF COI-UMBUS AT GENOA. 



Period of Discovery. 



BLACK-HDARi: FDRM, 



4^ (^^i^ui- [6)(2^?iaaed^ 

of 



<{ Where 



Discoveries. 



When I 



I I Sail Salvador., 

1st Voyage.\ Cuba., 
) Hayti. 

2d " yainaica. 

jd " South America. 

^th " Isthmus of Darien 

1st Voyage., 149 2' 

2d " 1493. 

3d " 149^. 

l4th '^ Ij02. 



QUESTIONS. 

What name did Columbus give to the island upon which he 
landed ? What did the natives call it ? How many voyages did 
Columbus make ? Upon what voyage did he discover Cuba ? 
Hayti ? Jamaica ? South America ? Isthmus of Darien ? What 
colony did Columbus plant ? What happened to it ? What did 
Columbus take back to Spain with him ? How was he received ? 
Which of the two Indies did Columbtis discover ? What did 
Columbus give to .Spain ? 

Write the Black-hoard Form for the four voyages 
of Colunihus, 



The Man That Discovered the Main Land. 21 



G-ED&RAFHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER III. 

Tuni to the Map of Europe or refer to a Globe, 

In what part of England is Bristol ? 

In what part of Europe is Venice ? 

What ocean lies between Europe and America ? 

Turn to the Map of North America. 

Where is Labrador ? 

Which is greater, the distance from Spain to San Salvador, ux 
England to Labrador ? 

Where are the Straits of Belle Isle ? 

Where is Newfoundland ? 

Turn to the Map of the United States and find Maryland 

What course would a vessel take in exploring tlie coast of 
America, from Labrador to Maryland ? Trace it. 

What European nation now owns Labrador ? Newfoundland ? 
Canada ? * 

What are the two divisions of the Western Continent ? 

CHAPTER III. 

The Man That Discovered the Main Land. 

1. About the time that Columbus discovered America, 
there lived at Bristol, England, a Venetian Merchant 
named Johx Cabot. When he learned that land had 
been found by sailing west, he was filled with a desire 
to go upon a voyage of discovery also. 

2. He thought that if the earth was round, the further 
north the Atlantic Ocean was crossed, the shorter would 
be the distance. Obtaining permission from Henry 
VII, King of England, he set sail. 



32 



Period of Discovery. 



3. His son Sebastian went with him. They sailed 
directly west. After passing throvigh several storms, 
they reached the Western Continent nt a point a little 
north of the Straits of Belle Isle. 

4. This discovery was made June 24th, 1497, about 
fourteen months before Columlnis disco^•crcd the main 




land of South 
America. The 
land discover- 
ed w^as Labra- 
dor. 

5. T h e y 
found it bleak 
and barren. They felt sine it was not the Indies, but a 
New Found Land ; so they returned to England to tell 
of the discovery. 

6. The king was much pleased, and again gave 
permission to make discoveries. Sebastian Cabot went 



THE CABOTS LANDING AT LABRADOR. 



77/6' JMmt That Discovered the Main Land. 23 



upon a second voyage. In May, 1498, he sailed for 
Labrador with three hundred men. 

7. Finding the cliinate very cold when he arrived 
there, he turned toward the south. He sailed along- 
the shores of what is now the United States, until he 
reached the southern boundary of what is now Mary- 
i.AND. He then returned to England. 

8. These discoveries were very important. The Cabots 
were the first Eui^opeans to reach the main land of the 
Western Continent, and it was through their discoveiies 
that England afterwards claimed the greater part of 
North America. 

9. Sebastian Cabot is known in history as a skilful 
and brave sailor. He has often been called the Gkeat 
Si: AMAx. If Columbus gave a new world to Spain, 
Cabot gave to England a great continent. 



H 



Period of Discovery. 



BLilCK-BDARI] FORM, 



The Three 

Great 

Discoverers. 



ColuDibus. 



^ C San. Salvador^ 



Hayti. 
I4gj^ yaniaita. 
I4g8, So/ith Ai)icrica. 
1502^ Isthiiiiis of Daricu. 



A , , \ 1407^ Labrador. 

Ljabot. I ^' 

Sebastian \ 14^8, Kast Coast of North 

L Cabot. I America. 



QUESTIONS. 

Who was John Cabot? What was his son's name? What 
land did John and Sebastian discover? How long was this before 
Columbus discovered South America? What was the character 
of the land? When and where did Sebastian Cabot explore the 
east coast of North America? What did England claim in con- 
sequence of these discoveries? Does England own any of the 
territory discovered by the Cabots now? What has Sebastian 
Cabot been called? 

Write the Black-board Form for the three great 
discoverers. 



TJic Man after whom A/nerica xuas Named. 35 

G-ED&RAPHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMIXAKY TO CHAPTER IV. 

Turn to the Map of the United States. 
Where is the District of Cokunbia? 

In what part of South Carolina is the citv of Columbia? 
In what part of Ohio is the city of Columbus? 
Where is the Columbia river? 
Turn to the Map of South America. 
Where is the United States of Colombia? 

Upon what ocean would an explorer sail in exploring the east 
coast of South America? 

CHAPTER IV. 
The Man after whom America was Named. 

I. Although Columbus discovered the new world, yet 
his name was not given to it. Rivers, cities, and coun- 
tries have been named in his honor, but the continent 
itself is now known as America. It was so named 
after Americus Vespucci. 

3. Vespucci was another who felt a desire to make 
discoveries after the new world had been found. In 
1499, two years after the discovery of Labrador by the 
Cabots, and one year after Columbus had discovered 
South America, he reached the new worhl. 

3. He sailed along the shores of South America for 
several hundred miles, and made explorations. He 
found "the land beautiful and fruitful, and wrote a 
number of letters giving an account of his voyage and 
what he had seen. 

4. These letters were afterwards published. They 
were the first published description of the new world. 



26 Period of Discovery. 



Many read them, and came to know about the land 
across the Atlantic for the first time. 

^. People began to speak of the land Vespucci vis- 
ited as the land, of Americus. In 1507, a German 
geographer named Wai.dsee-Mui.ler printed a little 
book, and in it called the land America. It has borne 
this name ever since. 

QUESTIONS. 
After wliom was America named.' Who named it? Name 
some cities that have been named after Columbus. A river. A 
district. A country. Were and when did Americus Vespucci 
make his explorations.'' Who were the three great disco\- 
erers.' Who discovered America.' Who fir.st saw the main land.' 
Who was the second to see the main land? 



GEDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS 

PRELIMIX.XKV TO CHAPTER V. 

Turn to the Map of North Amcricn . 

Where is Mexico ? 

What direction from Hayti is the Isthmus of ])arien ? 

In crossing this isthmus from the Caribbean sea, what ocean 
would you come to ? 

Turfi to the Map of So?tth America. 

Where is Peru ? 

Where are the Straits of Magellan ? 

In sailing from Spain to the Straits of Magellan, what direc- 
tion would you take ? 

Ttirn to the Map of Asia. 

Where are the Philippine Islands ? 

What direction are they from the Straits of Magellan ? 

How would a vessel go from the Philippine Islands to Spain, 
without crossing the Pacific ocean ? 



Spanish ^Explorations. 



37 



CHAPTER V. 

Spanish Explorations. 

I. We have learned something of the man that dis- 
covered America, tlie man that first reached the main 
land and the man after whom America was named. 

3. These discoverers had only touched along the shores 
of the countries they discovered. They knew nothing of 

the interior, or 
country back from 
the coast. They 
did not know how 
large the continent 
was, nor anything 
of the tribes of In- 
dians that lived in 
the interior. 

3. For a long 
time after Cabot's 
discoveries, Eng- 
land did very little 
to explore the land 
he had taken pos- 
session of in her 
name. Spain and 
France were the 
two European na- 
tions most active in exploring the interior of the country. 

4. The Spaniards were always seeking for the gold 
they thought was to be found in the new world. The 




28 



Period oj Discovery. 



most celebrated of the Spanish Explorers were De 
Leon, Balboa, Magellan, Cortez. Pizarro and 
DeSoto. 

5. Two of these explorers were most successful in 
their search. They were Cortez and Pizarro. Cortez 

with a small army 

landed on the coast of ; | 

Alexico m 15 19, and 
in two years conquered ' 
that country. Pizarro 
in 1531, with a much 




smaller army, went 
down mto .South 
America and con- 
quered Peru. 

6. The natives 
of Mexico and Peru 
were different from 
the other inhabitants of America. They were partly 
civilized. They knew many of the uses of metals and wore 



BAI.BOA DISCOVERING THE PAC'irlC OfEAN. 



Spanish Explorations. 



ornaments of gold. By conquering them the Spaniards 
became rich. 

7. Balboa made himself famous by discovering the 
Pacific ocean. He went from Hayti to the Isthmus of 
Darien. Hearing that there was a large body of water 
on the other side, he crossed the isthmus and on reach- 
ing the summit of a mountain beheld this great ocean 
spread out before him. This was in 15 13. 

8. Seven years after, Magellan saded around the 
southern part of South America and crossed this ocean. 
He discovered the Philippine Islands, where he lost his 
life in an encounter with the natives. His vessel con- 
tinued the voyage, and at last reached the port of Spain 
from which it started. Although Magellan did not 
finish the voyage, he has the credit of being the first to 
sail around the world. 

9. The discoveries and explorations of De Leon and 
De Soto were made in what is now the United States, 
so we will have to learn more about them. 

QUESTIONS. 
Who were the three great discoverers .? What did each dis- 
cover ? What did they know of the interior of the countries they 
discovered .' What two nations were most active in making ex- 
plorations .' Who were the most celebrated Spanish explorers .? 
What was the great object of Spanish explorations ? What two 
explorers were successtul in this .? What did Cortez conquer ? 
Pizarro ? What did Balboa discover .? When } Why is the name 
of Magellan found in history .? What happened to him ? What 
two Spanish explorers are connected with United States history i 

Write the Black-board Form for the four voyages 
of Columbus. 

Write the Blaek-boarrt Form for the Three Great 
Diseoverer.s. 



Period of .Discovery 



DEDG-RAPHY gUESTEDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER VI. 

Turn to the Map of the West hidies. 
Where is Porto Rico ? 
What direction is it from Hayti ? 
What direction is San Salvador from Porto Rico ? 
Turn to the Alap of the United States. 
Wliere is Florida ? 
In what part of Florida is St. Augustine ? 

CHAPTER VI. 

The Man That Discovered Florida. 

1. When Columbus made his second voyage to the 
nev\^ world, there went with him a lirave old soldier 
named Ponce de Leon. He had fought many battles 
for Spain. When Hispaniola was reached, he was given 
the governorship of the eastern portion of that island. 

2. He was afterwards made governor of the island of 
PouTO Rico. The Spaniards of these islands knev^ 
nothing thus far, of what is now the United States. 
The part of the world they were in was so new and 
strange that they were ready to believe anything about it. 

3. Ponce de Leon heard that there was a wonderful 
fountain somewhere. The water of this fountain when 
bathed in, was supposed to have the power of making 
an old person young again. As Ponce de Leon was 
quite an old man now, he felt a strong desire to lind 
this fountain. 



The Man That Discovered Florida. 



31 



4, He at last determined to go in search of it. In 
1513, he left Porto Rico with tiiree vessels, .\fter touch- 
ina: at San Sahador 



he sailed among the 
Bahama Islands. Upon 
Easter Sunday, 
land was ^ ^^\L 




LAXDING OF PONCE DE LEON. 



5. The shoies were lined with bright green trees. 
Beautiful flowers were blooming everywhere. The land 



32 Period of Discovery. 



was called Fi>orida. Ponce tie Leon landed a few miles 
north of the spot upon which St. Augustine was after- 
wards built, and searched many days for the Fountain 
OF Youth. The fountain was never foinid. He re- 
turned to Porto Rico, and the land he discovered was 
chximed by Spain. 

6. To reward him for his discovery he was made 
governor of Florida. He sailed with two vessels to take 
possession of his province. When he landed, his men 
were attacked by the Indians. Many of them lost their 
lives. Ponce de Leon himself was wounded mortally. 
He never lived to rule over the land he had found. 

QUESTIONS. 

When did De Leon come to the new world ? What three gov- 
ernorships did he fill ? Why did he sail from Porto Rico the 
first time ? Why the second ? What name did he give to the 
land he discovered ? Where did he land ? How was he rewarded 
for his discovery ? What was his end ? 



'^ -> 



The Man That Discovered the JSIississifpi River. 

G-EDGRAPHY gUESTIDNS, 

PREI.IMIXARY TO CHAPTKR VIl. 

Turn to the Map of the So?ithcrv States.. 

Where is Florida ? 

What direction is Florida from Cuba ? 

Where is Tampa Bay ? 

Upon what gulf would a vessel sail in going from Cuba to 
Tampa Bay? 

What direction is the Altamaha river from this bav ? Ogcechee 
river ? 

What direction is the Coosa ri\or from the Ogtechee r 

Where is Mobile ? 

Where is Memphis ? 

What direction is Memphis from Mobile ? 

Where is the Ouachita river ? 

Into what does the Ouachita flow ? 

Into what does the Red river flow ? 

Into what gulf does the Mississippi flow? 

CHAPTER VIL 
The Man That Discovered the Mississippi River. 

I. Among the men that went to Peru with Pizarro 
was Hernando De Soto. Sharing in the great w^eahli 
that was obtained from the Peruvians, he returned to 
Spain to enjoy it. 

1. But he did not remain content very long. He felt 
a desire to excel both Cortez and Pizarro in making 
conquests. He thought there were races of people like 
the Mexicans and Peruvians in the interior of Florida, 
and that gold abounded there. 



34 Period of Discovery. 



3. He obtained permission from the king to conquer 
Florida, and, at his own expense, fitted up an expedi- 
tion. Six hundred men were picked out from the many 
that desired to go with him. Great preparations were 
made. 

4. De Soto took with him cliains with which to bind 
captives, many kinds of weapons that were used in those 
days, and a bUicksmith's forge with which to mend and 
keep them in good order. He also had horses to ride, 
blood-hounds with which to pursue the natives, and a 
drove of hogs to furnish meat for his men to eat. 

^. The expedition started from the island of Cuba in 
1539. '^^^y I'inded at a point not far from Tampa Bay, 
and began their march through the forest. ]VIany dangers 
were encountered. The Indian.: were hostile and opposed 
his march. 

6. De Soto crossed the Altamaha river in what is 
now Georgia, and reached the Ogeechee. He then 
turned to the northwest and coming to the Coosa 
river, near its headwaters, went south through what is 
now Alabama. 

7. All this time his soldiers suffered very much and 
wanted to turn back, but De Soto was determined to 
find riches, or be sure that there were none to be found, 
so he kept on. He soon arrived at an Indian village 
v/here Mobile now stands. A difficulty arose with the 
inhabitants, and in the battle that followed De Soto lost 
eighteen of his men. Turning again to the northwest, he 
reached the Mississippi river at a point not far from 
Memphis. De Soto discovered the Mississippi river in 
1541. 




DE SOTO DISCOVERING THE MISSISSIPPI KIVEK. 



36 Period of Discovcrv. 



8. After crossing the Mississippi, he wandered around 
the country of the Quapaws in what is now Arkansas. 
From here he went south down the Ouachita river. 
He sc)on lost his way among the many bayous near its 
mouth. Then it was that his courage gave way, and he 
sought to return. 

9. But a fever came upon him, from which he never 
recovered. In the wilds of what is now Louisiana, with 
hostile natives on every side, De Soto died. His followers 
were faithful to the last. They buried him at the foot of a 
tree ; but fearing his remains would be disturbed by the 
Indians, the body was taken to the mighty river he had 
discovered and sunk in its waters. 

10. After De Soto's death, the Spaniards, with great 
difficulty, built several small vessels. With these they 
drifted down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and 
reached a place of safety. Of the six hundred that 
'started in 1539, only three hundred and eleven lived 
through the four years of hardship. 

QUESTIONS. 

Why did Cortez and Pizano conquer Mexico and Peru ? Why 
did De Soto make an expedition to Florida ? What did he think 
to find in the interior of Florida ? How many men did he select ? 
What did he take with him ? When did he start ? Where did he 
land ? Into what State did he march from Florida ? What river 
did he cross before reaching the Ogeechee ? NVhat State did he 
next enter .' To what Indian village did he come ? What hap- 
pened there ? Where did he discover the Mississippi river ? 
When ? After crossing the Mississippi, in what States did he 
wander ? What happened to him in Louisiana ? How many 
times was he buried ? What became of his followers ? How many 
men survived the four years' march ? 

Trace upon tbe Map the March of De Soto. 



Black-Board Form. 



37 



BLACK-BnARn FDRM, 



Columbus. K 



Spanish 

Discoveries 

and 

Exploratio?is. 



r ^ 1 49^1 San Salvador. 

1493^ Jamaica. 

1498, South America. 

/502, Isthfnus of Daricn. 
'Vespucci. — 1499., South America. 
\ De Leon. — /j/^, Florida. 

Balboa. — 7J-/J, Pacific Ocean. 
. Cortez. — IS19. Mexico. 
j Magellan. — 1520, Straits of Magellan. 
j Pizarro. — /JJ/, Peru. 
[ De Soto. — I J 41, Mississippi river. 



3S Period of Discovcrv. 



tEDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS. 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAP'l ER VIII. 

Turu to the Map of British America. 
Where is Newfoundland ? 
Where is the St. Lawrence river ? 
Where is Montreal .'' Quebec ? 

What great lakes between British America and the United 
States ? 

Turn to the Alap of the United Stales. 

In what direction ironi Quebec is Illinois ? 

What States touch the Mississippi river on the W'est ? 

Where is Louisiana ? 

What States are called the New England States ? 

Where is Lake Champlain ? 

Where is Cape Cod ? 

Where is the Hudson river .? 

Turn to tlie ]\lup of North America. 

Where is Davis Strait? Hudson Strait ? Hudson Bav ? 



CHAPTER VIIL 
French, English, and Dutch Explorations. 

I. Not long after the discovery of the mainland 
of America, the waters of Nkwfounulaxd became 
known as fine fishing groundo. French fishermen early 
visited these waters, and thus the attention of France was 
directed to the new world. 

3. Through the explorations of four great French 
explorers, France laid claim to a large amount of terri- 
tory. These explorers were Verrazani, Cartier, 
Champlain. and La Salle. 



PreiicJi^ Euglish., and Dutch Explorations. 



39 



3. Verrazani, in 1524, reached North Carolina, 
and explored the east coast of what is now the United 




States. Ten veais 
after ( 1534), Cartiei 
discovered the St. 
Lawrence river, and 
the next year sailed 
up the river U) where 
Montreal now 
stands. 

4. New France 
was the name given 
to the region explored by C artier. For a long period 



L.\ SALLE AT CHICKASAW IlLUFF. 



J\.o Period of Discovery. 



of more than seventy years, very little was done toward 
making further explorations. Then, a Frenchman by the 
name of Champlain came o\er, and founded the city of 
Quebec. This was in i6oS. 

5. .As time passed on, this city became quite an 
important point from which to send out explorers. A 
number of explorations were made among the Great 
Lakes, and the northern part of what is now the United 
States. 

6. The explorers, named Marquette and Johet, in 
1673, reached the Mississippi river at a point withir^ 
what is now the State of Illinois. La Salle, in 167 1, 
discovered the Ohio river, and in 16S2 floated down the 
Mississippi. Landing at Chickasaw bluff, he l)uilt a 
cabin, and then continued on his way until the Gulf of 
Mexico was reached. All this territory was claimed 
by France, and it was called Louisiana, after the 
French king, Louis XIV. 

7. While the French were making these explorations 
the English were not only exploring, but planting col- 
onies in the eastern part of what is now the United 
States. We shall learn of these colonies when we come 
to the Period of Settlement. 

8. The most famous English explorers after the 
Cabots were Frobisher, Drake, Davis, and Gosnold. 
Frobisher, in 1576, and Davis, in 1585, made discoveries 
in the northeastern part of North America. Drake, in 
1579, explored the west coast of North America. He 
named that portion now known as Oregon, New 
Albion. 



French, English, and German Explorations. 41 



9. Gosnokl, in 1602, discovered Cape Cod. He was 
the first Englishman to land in what is now New 
England, and his explorations led to its settlement not 
long after. 

10. The only exploration made by Holland was that 
of Henry Hudson in 1609. He discovered the Hudson 
river and the island upon which New York is now built. 




HUDSON SAlLlNfi I V THE UIDSON RI\EI<. 

He called the country New Netherlands. Hudson 
afterwards sailed as an English explorer, and discovered, 
the bay and sti-aits that bear his name. 

II. We thus see that four nations made discoveries 
and explorations in the new world. Some of the terri- 



42 Period of Discovery 



toi'y was visited by the explorers of more than one 
nation. Each nation claimed the territory visited liy the 
explorers that she had sent out. As long as the territory 
remained unsettled, there was no trouble. But when the 
nations began to colonize the new world, quarrels and 
disputes arose. We shall learn of these in another Period. 

QUESTIONS. 

What attracted the attention of France to the new woila .'' 
Name the four great French discoverers. What explorations 
ucre made by Verrazani ? Cartier ? Champlain .? Who dis- 
covered tlie Mississippi river ? Wlien ? Wliere 'i What French 
explorer was the first to sail down this river to its mouth ? 
Wlicn .? What river was discovered by LaSalle ? What was the 
territory claimed by France called ? What is it now called } 
Name five English explorers ? When and where did each make 
explorations ^ Who was the on-ly Dutch explorer .'' What did he 
discover } What did he name the region he discovered .'' 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Who were the three great discoverers ? 

What four voyages did Columbus make ? 

When was America discovered ? 

When was the mainland discovered ? 

When did Vespucci make his voyage of exploration ? 

Name two Spaniards that made successful conquests } 

Name two Spaniards that were unsuccessful in their expedi- 
tions .'' 

Name two Spaniards whose discoveries were connected with 
the largest ocean in the world ? 

Who were the four great French explorers ? 

Name the explorers that visited the east coast of America ? 

Who first explored this coast } 

Write wiiat yoii know of Columbus. 

Write what you know of De Soto. 

Write the Black-board Form for Spanish Discov- 
eries and Explorations. 



Reviexv Outline of First Period. 



43 



l^e-ti-c^u!-^ 



^u/€iy. 



i/ne^ 



of 






Spa?iis/i. 



~j I4g2, San Salvador. 

Colun^bus. l^^^^' Jamaica _ . 
I I4ga, South America. 
3 /502, Isthmus of Darieii. 
Vespucci. — ■I4QQ., Stmth America. 
De Leon. — 1512^ Florida. 
Balboa. — 15 13., Pacijic Ocean. 
Cortcz. — 1519, jSlcxico. 
Magellan. — /520, Straits of Magellan. 
Pizarro. — IJJI, Peru. 
De Soto. — 1541 , Mississippi river. 



Cabot. 



\ I4gy., Labrador. 
) I4g8, Maryland. 
' 77 0/ ■ •/ J ^^'(^^^i-'^^'C'-: J 57^- { ^^ortheast Coast of 
* ' ■ j Davis, 1585. \ A^orth America. 

Drake., ij7Q. — Oregon. 
I Gosnohf J 602. — Cai)C Cod. 
I 

\ Tr •,-„.) East Coast of 

\ I'crraza/ii, J 524. \i ,j x^ 

i ^ ^ -r Aortli America. 



French . 



Carticr, 1534. — St. Lawrence river. 
Champlain., j6o8. — Canada. 

I j\Larqucttc. \ . rn- • 
I Joliet. '^73. niinois. 



J oh 
\ La Salle. \ 

Dutch. — Henry Liu d SO)!., i6og. Nezi' York 



1671., Ohio river. 
1682., Louisiana. 



44 



Period of Discover^ 



'^se^i^^em 



^^A'G-uM.'n^y' 




^T>(i^J^et2't^e4^-t^^ €Mm^ (h^^.U2yla/f'CnJ . 



Dis^coverics 

and 

ExpIojdfioJis 



1492, 

M93' 

1498, 
1498, 

H99' 
1502, 

1512, 

1520, 

■I524-, 

153I' 
1534, 

1541. 
^57P, 

J 60 2^ 

'1608, 
1609, 

/(?7J, 

16S2, 



America — Columbus. 

Jamaica — Columbus. 

Labrador — -Cabot. 

South America — Columbus. 

Maryland — Cabot. 

South America — Vespucci. 

Daiien — Columbus. 

Florida — De Leon. 

Pacific Ocean — I^alboa. 

Mexico — Cortez. 

Magellan Straits — Magellan. 

Bast ^cast cf C^X. Qnicvica — -vrrara;?/. 

Peru — Pizarro. 

St. £aivzcncc ziv&z — 'Saztict. 

Mississippi river — De Soto. 

N'. E. Coast of America — Frc^islicr 

Oregon — Drake. 

Davis' Strait — Davis. 

Cape Cod — Gosnold. 

(£a>iaPa — GfiampCain. 

New York — Hudson. 

Ghic zivcz — £a Salfc. 

cJlYiit c is — dJia tqucttc an? 

£ciiisia)ta — X'a Saffc. 



jcrict 



*In the above, nations are indicated hy tlie style of type. In placing this form 
upon tlie blackboard colored crayons can be used to great advantage, the chrono- 
logical arrangement fixing the relative time. 



Geography Questions. 4 :^ 



GEDERAPHY QUESTIDNS 

rRKI.lMINAUY TO CHAPTER IX 

T7irn to the Map of the United States. 

What States border upon the Atlantic ? 

W'liat States l)order upon tlie Gulf of Mexico ? 

What States border upon the Mississippi River ? 

What States and territories border upon Mexico ? 

What States border upon the Ohio River ? 

Where is St, Augustine ? Santa F6 ? 







^1 ^l^#^M>^ 'n^*^ ■ A«k 



tfLCMtf^Tn 



CHAPTER 1\. 

The Nations that Col- 
onized America 

I. We hn\ e <NCcn 

v\hat E N G I. A X D , 

France, Spain, and Holland did to explore America. 

We must now learn about the settlements made bv them. 

2. The southern part of what is now the United 
States was claimed by the Spaniards, whose first settle- 
ment was that at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. The 
S])aniards also took possession of the southwestern part 
of the United States The .Spaniards that settled this 
portion came up from Mexico, and made a settlement at 
Santa Fe as early as 15S2. 

3. The eastern part of the United States was settled 
])rinci])ally by the English. Colonies came over from 
Ilollaiul and Sweden. br,t ]ilantod themselves upon ter- 



The Nations That Colonized America. 47 



vitory claimed by England, and soon became a part of 
the English possessions in America. 

4. After attempting without success to settle Spanish 
territory, France made her first permanent settlement 
in America at Port Royal, Nova Scotia. This was in 
1605. She soon obtained possession of all Canada. 
From Canada, French explorers went down the Missis- 
sippi River, and many of the States bordering upon this 
river were settled by the Frencn. 

5. The English settlements, in time became thirteen 
distinct colonies. As time passed on, their population 
greatly increased, and much territory was acquired by 
Them. We shall speak of this in the Period of Colonial 
Growth. 

QUESTIONS. 

What nations made explorations in America? What part of 
tlie United States was claimed by Spain ? What Spanish explor- 
ers explored this part of America ? What two Spanish settle- 
ments were made ? What part of the United States was claimed 
and settled by the English ? What two nations made settlements 
upon English territory ? What was the first permanent French 
settlement in America ? What did the English settlements in 
time become ? 



48 Period of ScttlcDioit. 



GEDGRAPHY QUESTIDNS. 

PKKLI.MINAKV TO CII.M'TEK X. 

Turn to the AI<iJ> of the U)iitcd States. 
Where is Florida ? 

In what part of Florida is the St. John's River ? 
Where is the mouth of this riser ? 
In what part of South Carolina is Port Royal ? 
In what part of Florida is St. Augustine .' 

What States border upon the Gulf of Mexico } What countries .' 
VV^hat large island .'' 

CHAPTER X. 

The First Quarrel over Territory. 

1. France claimed a large part of Noith America 
through the explorations of Verrazani. In the year 
1562, a number of French Protestants, or Huguenots, 
under Johx Ribault, sailed from France to found a 
colony upon what they thought to be French territory. 

2. They reached Florida at a point near the mouth 
of what is now the St. John's River, which they named 
the River of May. They then sailed north to where 
Port Royal now stands. They landed, and built a 
fort. This fort was named Fort Carolina. Ribault 
left twenty-six colonists in possession, and sailed away. 
The colony was soon abandoned by those who had 
been left in possession. 

3. In 1564, another party of Huguenots founded a 
colony upon the River of May. This settlement was also 
called Fort Carolina. The Spaniards claimed all this 
territory. When it was learned that the French were 



The First ^/uyrrc'/ Over Territory. 



49 



making settlements lu Flor.da, it was detevminea to chive 

thcni away. 

4. Melexdkz de Avii.ks set out from Spain tor t us 
purpose. He' landed in Flonda, where he estabhshed a 
town, and called it St. Augustine. This .s the oldest 
town in the United States. 

c Melendez marched from St. Augustine to 1' ort 
CaroHna, and surprised the French. Nearly two hun- 

dred were murderetl 



by the Spaniards. A 
few escape d to the 
woods. 

6. When the people 
in France heard of this, 
they determined to be 
avenged. Doisiixic de 
GouRGES, in 1567, 
THE OLD FORT AT ST. AGusTiNE. galled lox Flovida with 

one hundred and fifty men. .,.,„., 

V He succeeded in capturing the Spanish fort that 
had been built near Fort Carolina immediately after the 
massacre of the French. De Gourges hanged all the 
Spaniards upon trees, and sailed for Europe. 

8 Thus we see that France and Spain were the first 
nations to quarrel over territory in the new world 
France af^er this gave up all claim to the territory of 
Florida. For many years Spain had full possession of 
all the land touching the Gulf of Mexico. 




CO Period of Settlement. 



QUESTIONS. 

Through whose exploiations did Fiance chiim the east coast 
of North America ? What were French Protestants called ? What 
Frenchman attcmjited to settle Spanish territory"? Where was 
this settlement made ? When? What happened to the colony? 
Where did the next Huguenot colony attempt to settle ? Wlien ? 
What happened to them ? What Spaniard founded St. Augustine ? 
Who avenged the massacre of the French Colonists ? Why did 
the Spanish and French make war upon one another ? 



GEDrTRAFHT gUESTIDNS, 

PRKLIMIXARV TO CHAPTER XI. 

Turn io llic Map of the U»itcd States. 

Where is Virginia ? 

What State south of Virginia ? 

What is the capital of this State ? 

Where is Roanoke Island ? Roanoke River ? 



CHAPTER XI. 
The Lost Colony of America. 

1. France and Spain began making settlements in 
America some time before England. In 15S4, Philip 
Amidas and Arthur Barlowe sailed from England to 
what is now North Carolina, and made explorations. 
Virginia w-as the name given to all that part of 
America. It was so named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, 
the Virgin Queen, who was then ruler of England. 

2. Several attempts were made to plant an English 
colony in this region. Sir M^'alter Raleigh, a good 



Ilic Lost Colony of America. ^\ 



and great man, was most active in making these attempts. 
He was a favorite with the queen. Permission for him 
to send out colonists to Virginia was easily obtained. 
}^. Seven ships and one hundred and eight emigrants 
made the first attempt at settlement. A gentleman 
named Ralph Lane was apj^ointed governor of the 
colony. The colonists landed upon the Roanoke island, 
and began to build a town. This was in 1585. 

4. The colonists were not wise in their dealings with 
the natives, and troubles with them arose. About thi^ 
time, Sir Francis Drake, the celebrated explorer, came 
with a large fleet. The colonists decided to abandon 
the settlement, as the Indians were showing great hostility 
towards them. They went on board Drake's vessels, 
and sailed with him to England. 

5. In 1587, one hundred and fifty men, women, and 
children were sent over to colonize Virginia. The go\ - 
ernor of this colony was John White. They landed 
upon Roanoke Island also. Not long after their arrival, 
little Virginia Dare was ^orn. She was the grand- 
daughter of the governor, and the first white child born in 
America. 

6. White, after a stay of a few weeks, sailed for 
England for the purpose of obtaining more colonists and 
supplies. He should have returned immediately. He 
remained away three years. When he at last reached 
Roanoke Island, not one of the colonists was to be 
found. 

7. There were no signs to show that they had been 
killed by the Indians. Only the word Croatan was 




■v4t^^t^^t>T (_\« Q 



^V.^°°^^':^t2L ,>f,-\ 



(icograp/iV ^//cstio/is. ex 



found carved upon the bark of a tree. No one has ever 
found out what was meant by this, or what became of them. 
White searclied for them, and Raleig'h sent out man\- 
expeditions to discover traces of them, but the Lost 
Colony of America was never found. 

QUESTIONS 

What two nations made the first settlements in America ? 
Wluit two Englishmen explored the coast of North Carolina ': 
When ? What name was given to this region ? After whom 
was it named .'' What great Englishman made attempts to settle 
America .'' Who was the governor of the first colony sent out ? 
The second .' Upon what island did the first colonists land ? 
What difficulties did they encoiuiter ? What became of them ? 
Where did the second colony land ? Who was the first white 
child born in America ? ^\'here diii John White go ? How long 
did he stay awav ? What did he find on his return to Roanoke 
Island ? What had become of the colonists ? 



E-EDERAPHY gUESTIDNS, 

I'RELIMINAKV TO CHAPTERS XH, XIII AND XIV. 

l^urn to the Map of the Southerti States. 

Where is the thirty-fourth parallel of latitude.? Thirty-eighth? 
The thirty-eighth parallel of latitude forms part of the boundary 
between Virginia and what other State ? 

Where is Chesapeake Bay ? Cape Charles ? Cape Henry ? 

Where is the James River ? 

Into what does the James River empty.? 

Where is Richmond ? 

Name the States west of Virginia. 

V»'hich of these border upon the Ohio River ? 

\Vhich of these border upon the Mississippi ? 



54 Period of Settlemeni. 

CHAPTER XIT. 

The First Permanent English Settlement. 

1. Ill the year 1606, James I was King of England. 
A patent, or permission, was obtained from him by a 
company of men to settle Virginia. These men called 
themselves the London Company. They were permitted 
to plant a colony upon the territory between the thirty- 
fourth and thirty-eighth degrees of north latitude, and 
this territory was considered as extending from ocean 
to ocean. 

2. On the 19th of December, about one hundred and 
five colonists set sail from London. They had only 
three small vessels with which to cross the Atlantic. 
The names of these vessels, in order of size, were 
the Susan Constant, the Good Speed, and the Discovery. 

3. It was the intention of the colonists to settle on 
Roanoke Island. A storm drove them past this island, 
and they soon entered the mouth of what is now 
Chesapeake Bay. The names of Chari.es and Hexi{y 
were given to the capes at the entrance to the bay, in 
honor of the sons of the king. 

4. They sailed up a beautiful broad river, which they 
named the James, after the king himself. On the 13th 
day of May, they landed, upon a little peninsula formed 
by a bend of the river, and began to lay the foundation 
of a town. 



The Pirst Pci'nianciit Jinolis/i Settlement. 



55 



5. All this region was inhabited by a powerful tribe 
of Indians. These Indians were ruled over by a king or 
chief named Powhatan. The Indian village in which 
Powhatan lived is supposed to have been where the city 
of Richmond is now. 

6. The colonists were composed of men of every 
rank. The London Company had appointed seven Coun- 
cillors to govern the colony. They elected one of 
their number President. The first President of the 
Virginia colony was Edward Wingfield. 

7. Jamestown was the name given to the town 

founded by the colonists. 
It is famous in history as 
being the first permanent 
English settlement in 
America. Before the set- 
tlement of Jamestown, 
France and Spain had full 
possession of America. It 
was now that England was 
to claim a right to the ter- 
ritory given her by the 
Cabots. 

S. The early colonists 

KLiNs OF JAMESTOWN. suffcrcd many hardships. 

Notwithstanding these hardships the colony grew and soon 

became prosperous. Let us learn something of its early 

history. 




5^ Period of Srtt/oiici/t. 

QUESTIONS 

What compaiiv sent settlers to ^'t^gi^ia? Who ga\-e a patent 
to tliis company? What territor\- was granted to them? How 
many colonists set sail? What were the names of their \esscls? 
Where did they intend to lanil? Where did they land? What 
hay did they enter? What river? After whom were the capes at 
the entrance of this hay named? After whom was tlie river 
named? The town that \vas built? Who was the chief of the 
neighboring Indians? How many coimcillors were appointed to 
go\ern the colon \? Who was tlie first President of the colony? 
Whv is the settlement of Jamestown one of the most important 
events of United States history? 



CHAPTER XIII. 

The Father of Virginia. 

1. Of the seven men who had been appointed council- 
lors bv the London Company, only two were fit to ride. 
One of these was Iiartholomew Gosnold, the man that 
discovered Cape Cod. He died soon after landing in 
Vn-ginia. The other was Captaix Johv Smith. 

2. The colonists had come to a new world. They 
were not used to the climate. Many of them had never 
done any haril work. They had to learn to cut down 
trees, build houses, and cidtivate the crroimd. 

3. But in doing all this they should have been directed, 
and governed wisely. In Wingficld, the first president, 
the colonists had little confidence. The second president, 
who was named Ratcmkfk, was not much better. 

4. Then John Smith became the leader of the colo- 
nists. He was a brave and wise man and seemed to know 



'JVic PatJicr of \'inri)iia. 



57 



exactly what was to be done. Each man was shown 
the work he was to do; and Smith himself, by his indus- 
try, set the example to the rest. When food l)ecame 

scaice, he made ex- 
peditions into the 
inteiior, and traded 
with the Indians. 
He obtained from 
them corn, dried 
meat, and game. 

5. S m i t h also 
made a number of 
explorations of the 
country a r o u n d 
Jamestown. Upon 
one of these expedi- 
tions he was cap- 
tured by the In- 
dians. They took 
him to Opechan- 
CAXOUGH, Powha 
tan's brother, who 

C A,T. J„MN SMITH. J.^^^^ ,^j,^^ jj^j.gg ^,.^y^^ 

not knowing whether to put him to death or not. 

6. He was then sent to Powhatan. Here he met 
Pocahontas, the daughter of the chief, and she and 
Smith soon became very good friends. She was a great 
favorite v^^ith her father, and when she interceded for 
Smith, he was ]:)ermittcd to return safely to Jamestown. 

7. Pocahontas often proved herself a friend to the 
colonists after this. She brought them food several times, 




i8 



Period of Settlement. 



when they were in much need of it. She afterwards 
married one of them, a young Englishman named John 
Rolf, and went with him to Enghmd. Her marriage 
made Powhatan a friend of the colonists. 




POCAHONTAS INTliKCEDIXG FOR SMITH. 

S. The name of Captain John Smith occupies a most 
honorable place in history. His wisdom and bravery 
prevented the Jamestown colony from being a failure. 
He is called the Father of Virginia. 

QUESTIONS. 
Who were the best men of the seven councillors ? What had 
the colonists to learn ? Did the colonists prosper under the first 
two presidents ? What kind of a man was Smith ? How did the 
colonists fare under his leadership ? What expeditions did he 
make ? What happened to him upon one ot these expeditions ? 
Who was Powhatan's brother .? How was Smitli's life saved ? What 
became of Pocahontas ? What has Captain John Smith been called? 



Events of Early Virginia History. 59 



CHAPTER XIV. 
Events of Early Virginia History. 

1. After the first few years of hardship, the Virginia 
colony prospered. At first, in building houses and platit- 
ing crops the colonists worked together. Whatever was 
built or raised, belonged to all. 

2. As this was found to be unsatisfactory, a better 
plan was decided upon. Each colonist was given a 
piece of land upon which to build his own house and 
raise his own crops. Whatever work he did, was for 
himself. 

3. Tobacco was found to be the most profitable crop 
tiiat the Virginia settlers could raise. The tobacco 
plant had never been known to Europeans before the 
discovery of America. The use of it was learned from 
the Indians. It was introduced into England by Sir 
Walter Raleigh, and soon came to be much used. 

4. The custom of having slaves, existed in many parts 
of the world. In 1619, a Dutch vessel landed at James- 
town, and offered twenty negroes for sale. They were 
bought by the tobacco planters. This was the first in- 
troduction of slavery into what is now the United States. 

5. The year 16 19 is also famous for the meeting of 
the First Colonial Assembly, The laws by which 
the colonies were governed, were made in England. 
When Sir George Yeardley was appointed governor, 



6o 



Period of Settlement. 



he allowed the colonists to choose their own law-makers. 
These law-makers met iit Jamestown, and were called 
the House of Burgesses. 

6. One hundred and fifty young women were sent 
from England to Virginia in 1620. Tliese became the 
wives of the colonists. Each colonist paid his wife's 




DLTCH TKADEKS SELLING NEGKOliS TO THE SEITLERS. 

traveling expenses from England, which came to one 
hundred or one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco. 
7. The colonists were now both happy and contented. 
Their only difficulties were with the Indians. When 
Powhatan died, his brother Opcchancaiiough became un- 
friendly towards the whites Twice the Indians fell upon 



Hvents of Early X^irginia Ilhlory. 6r 

Virginia settlements, and killed a great number o£ people. 
These massacres took place in 1633 and 1644. 

8. In 1676, the settlers of Virginia numbered many 
thousands. At this time a man named Berkely was 
governor. When troubles with the Indians arose, he took 
no steps to protect the people. 

9. When the settlers could stand it no longer, a young 
lawyer named Bacon took a number of men with him 
and, without Bcrkely's permission, made war upon the 
Indians, This caused Berkely to be angry. He raised 
an army and marched against Bacon. 

10. Bacon was successful in the contest that followed. 
This contest is known as Bacon's Rebeleiox. In this 
rebellion Jamestown was burned. It has never been 
rebuilt. A few ruins show the place where it once 
stood. The settlements, however, were not destroyed, 
for from these settlements has grown the great State of 
Virginia. 



63 



Period of Settlement. 



HLACK-HDilRr] FORM, 



I 'irg'inia 
Colony. 



i6ig, 



{ 1607, Settlement of yamesioivn. 
hitrodnctioii of Slavery. 
First Colo)iial Assembly. 
1620., Arrival of Settlers' Wives. 
1622, First Indian Massacre. 
1644, Second Indian Massacre. 
/d/d, Bacon's Rebellion. 



QUESTIONS. 

What plan did the colonists first pursue in regard to building 
houses and raising crops ? What plan was found to be better ? 
What was found to be the most profitable crop ? Who taught 
the European how to use tobacco ? Wlio introduced it into Eng- 
land ? What was brought to the colony in 1619 ? Why were these 
negroes bought by the Virginia planters ? When and where did 
the first colonial assembly or legislature meet ? Who was gov- 
ernor then ? What was this colonial assembly called ? How 
did the Virginians obtain wives ? What were now the only 
difficulties ? When did the two Indian massacres take place ? 
Who was governor in 1676 ? What kind of a man was he ? What 
brave young lawyer rebelled against him ? Who was successful 
in this contest ? What happened to Jamestown during the 
rebellion ? 

Write the Black-board Form for the Virgiuia 
Colony. 



Early History of Ncxv York. 63 



GEDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS. 

I'KKLIMIXARY TO CHAPTER XV. 

Turn to the Map of Europe. 
Where is Holland ? 
Where is Amsterdam ? 

How would a vessel sail from Holland to New York ? 
Turn to the Map of the Middle. States and find New York. 
What river. in the eastern part of this State? 
What island at the mouth of this river ? 
What large city is built upon this island ? 
Where is Albany ? 

What two States border upon the south-eastern part of New 
York ? 

CHAPTER XV. 

Early History of New York. 

1. Seven years after the first settlement of James- 
town (1614), traders from Holland bnilt a fort upon 
Manhattan Island. The great city of New York now 
stands where the fort was built. These traders found it 
very profitable to buy skins and furs of the Indians. 

2. The island of Manhattan was bought for twenty- 
lour dollars. New Amsterdam was the name* given to 
the settlement made upon this island, and the territory 
was called New Netherlands. 

3. Large numbers of colonists vveie sent from Hoi 
land. A trading post was established as early as 1615, 
near the spot where Albany now stands. In 1624, a 
number of Dutch Protestants, or Walloons, as they were 
called, ascended the river, built a fort and made a set- 
tlement. This fort was called Fort Orange. 



64 



Period of Settlement. 




PETER STUVVESANT, 



4. The Dutch also established trading posts in New 
Jersey and Connecticut. All this territory was claimed 
by them through the discoveries of Henry Hudson. 
This claim brought them into difficulty with the English, 
who also claimed this territory. 

5. Four Dutch governors had ruled over New Neth- 
erlands when it was granted to the Duke of York by 
the King of England. Peter Stuyvesant was the 
last of the Dutch governors. 



Black- Boa yd Form. 



65 



6. He was a brave old soldier, and when the Eng 
lish ships came to take possession, Stuyvesant was ready to 
fight them. But his people would not help hnn, and he 
was compelled to surrender. This was in 1664. 

y. When the English obtained possession of New 
Amsterdam, its name was changed to New York. The 
Dutch did not get along very well with their English 
governors. One of these English governors was driven 
away, and a man named Captain .Leisleii put in his 
place. Another governor was sent fiom England, and 
Leisler was hung for treason. 

8. The early Dutch settlers had many difficulties with 
the Indians. Their quarrel with the English may be 
called the second quarrel over territory. Nicholi.s, 
Lovelace, Andros, and Dongan were the names of 
four of the English governors of New York. 



HLACK-HDARD FORM, 



Settlement 

of 
New York. 



Governors. 



Events. 



Dutch . 



^ iMi7t7nts. 

! Van 7\vi/ler. 



I Kicft. 

[^ Stuyvesant. 

C Nicholh. 



j^ ,. , j Lovelace. 

I Enfflisli. < A J 
j -^ j Andros. 

I I Doncran. 

^ 1614^ Settlemoit of 

I Ne~v Amsterdam. 

<J 1624^ Settlement of 

I Fort Orange. 

\^ 1664, English Co7iquest. 



(:^ Period of Settlement. 



QUESTIONS. 

Who settled New York ? Upon wliat island \v;i8 the first set- 
tlement made ? What did the settlers pay for this island ? 
What large city is now built upon Manhattan Island ? What 
name was given to this city by the early Dutch settlers ? What 
name was given to the territory ? Upon what grounds did the 
Dutch claim this territory ? What other nation claimed it ? 
Why ? Why did the Dutch come over to tlie New World ? 
What other settlement in New York was founded by them ? 
How many Dutch governors had New Netherlands ? Who was 
the last Dutch governor ? Who took possession of New Am- 
sterdam while he was governor ? To what was its name changed ? 
After whom ? Who was Captain Leisler ? What happened to 
him ? What was the second quarrel over territory ? What was 
the first ? 

Write the Black-board Form for the Settlement of 
New York. 



&EDG-RAFHY gUESTIDNS. 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTERS XVI AND X\1I. 

Turn to the Map of the Nezv Rngland States. 
In wliat part of Massachusetts is Plymouth ? 
What bay in the eastern part of Massachusetts ? 
Where is Salem ? Boston ? 
Where is Narragansett Bay ? 
What State touches Connecticut on the west ? 
In what part of Connecticut is Windsor ? Hartford .- New 
Haven ? 

In what part of New Hampshire is Dover ? Portsmoutli ? 
In what part of Vermont is Brattleboro ? 
Between what two States is Vermont ? 



Puritans and Pilcfrinn 



67 



CHAPTER XVI 



Puritans and Pilgrims. 

1. The first settlement in what is now Massachusetts 
was made by English Puritans in 1620. These Puri- 
tans were people who held religious opinions of their 
own. On account of these religious opinions, they were 
often interfered with in England. 

2. A number of them went first to Holland. Al- 
though well ti"eated there, they were not perfectly 
satisfied. They de- 
termined to cross 
the Atlantic, and 
make a home for 
themselves in the 
new world. One 
hundred and one of 
them came over in 
a vessel named the 
Mayflower, and 
made the first set- 
tlement at Ply- 
mouth. 

3. On account of 
their havmg moved 
so often, these Puri- 
tans were called Pilgrims. It was winter when they 
landetl. The climate was very severe. More than halt 
of them died before the winter was over. 




THE MAVI' LOWER. 



68 



Period of Scttlemoit. 



4. At first the settlers were in great fear of the 
Indians. A little military company was organized. It 
was put under the command of brave little Captain 
Miles Staxdish. 

5. There was no need of fear, however. Massasoit, 
the chief of the neighboring Indians, showed himself 
friendly. He sent 
one ot his tube 
named Samoset to 
welcome them. 
Samoset had learn- 
ed some words of 




LANDING OF THE PIRITANS. 



English from fishermen a few years before. When he 
came to the Plymouth colonists and said, "Welcome, 
Englishmen," they were surprised to hear an Indian 
speak English. 

6. Another colony of Puritans came o\ er from 
England in i6z8. This was the Massachusetts Bay 
CoLONV. A settlement was made at Salem. In 1630, 



Piiritai/s and Pilgrims. 



Boston was founded. Many more colonists came over, 
and a number of small towns sprang up around Boston. 

7. The Puritans had suffered much in England on 
account of their religious belief. This suffering should 
have made them act kindly toward those whose religion 
was not exactly like theirs. Instead of being kind, 
however, they were often cruel. Roger Williams, an 
eloquent young minister, was driven froin the colony. 
Anne Hutchinson, a pious woman, was also compelled 
to leave. A number of Quakers, who are a quiet, 
religious people, were tortured when they visited the 
colony, and some were put to death. 

8. At one time the colonists were filled with super- 
stitions about witches. ISIany innocent people were 
accused of witchcraft, and were cruelly tortured, and put 
to death. The colonists soon came to see how foolish 
it was to believe in witches. 

9. In 1675, an Indian war broke out The Indians 
were led by King Philip, a son of Massasoit. After 
much fighting, the colonists were victorious. Nearly all 
the Indians were destroyed. King Philip himself was 
killed in the last battle of this war. 

10. For a long time, the Massachusetts Bay Colony 
and the Plymouth Colony were under separate govern- 
ments. In 1692, they united. From this union has 
grown the present State of Massachusetts. 



70 Period of Settlemenl. 



HLACK-HDARI] FORM, 



'[ 1620, Landing of the Pilgrims. 
j 1628^ Settlement of Salem. 
i 1630^ Founding of Boston. 
^^assachnsctts j 1636^ Banishment of Roger Williams. 
Colonies. j^yj^ King Philifs War. 

i 1692, Salem Witchcraft. 

j i6g2, 111 ion of Plymouth and Massa- 
} chusctts Bay Colonies. 

QUESTIONS. 

Where was the fir&t settlement in Massachusetts made? When? 
By whom? Who were the Puritans? Where did some of the 
Puritans go after leaving England? Where did they afterwards 
go? How many first went to America? What was the name of 
their vessel? What was the difference between Puritans and Pil- 
grims? What fear had the early settlers? Who was appointed 
captain? Who was chief of the neighboring Indians? How did 
he show friendship for the whites? What son of his afterwards 
made war upon the whites? What was the second Massachu- 
setts Colony called? Where did this colony settle? When? 
When was Boston founded? What two pious persons were driven 
from the colon v? What treatment did the Quakers receive? 
What superstition filled the minds of the early settlers of Salem? 
What was the result of King Philip's war? When did the two 
colonies unite? 

Write the Black-board Form for the Massachusetts 
Colonies. 



Other New England Settle men ti 



71 



CHAPTER XVIL 



Other New England Settlements. 

1. Connecticut was claimed by the Dutch as being a 
part of New Netherlands. A short while after New 
Amsterdam was settled, they built a number of tradino- 
posts along Long Island Sound, and a fort was built by 
them upon the Connecticut River. 

2. The English, as you know, also claimed this terri- 
tory. In 1633, some colonists from Massachusetts made 
a settlement at Windsor. The country was found to 




so fertile that many others 
and settled. In i6< 
Hartford was founded. 
3. When Roger Williams 
was banished from Massachusetts, which was in 1636, 
he went to what is now Rhode Island. He was soon 



I '»V-=^-r 

CANONICUS AND ROGER WILLIAMS 



^2 Period of Settlement. 



joined by others, and a settlement was made, and called 
Providence. 

4. The Indians of Rhode Island belonged to the 
Narragansett tribe. Their chief, who was named 
Canonicus, showed great friendship for Roger Williams. 
The most powerful tribe in all that region was the 
Pequods, who occupied the eastern portion of Con- 
necticut. These Pequods were unfriendly toward the 
Connecticut settlers and determined to make war upon 
them. 

5. They tried to get the Narragansetts to join them, 
but did not succeed, owing to the friendship of the 
Narragansetts for Roger Williams. In the war that fol- 
lowed, the whole Pequod tribe was destroyed. This was 
in 1637. 

6. In the year after the Pequod war, New Ha vent 
was settled. The colonists were prosperous, and in- 
creased in numbers. In the year 1663, the Connecticut 
colonies united, and received a Charter from the King 
of England. This Charter was a writing that gave 
them many rights and privileges. 

7. Connecticut was governed under this Charter for 
twenty-five years. Then the king appointed a man 
named Sir Edmund Andros governor of all the New 
England colonies. There were changes to be made in 
the government, and Andros demanded that the Char- 
ter be given up. The colonists did not care to part 
with it. A meeting was held one night. At this meeting 
Andros supposed the Charter would be delivered to him. 

8. It was brought out, and placed upon the table. 
As Andros was about to take it, all the lights in the 



Other New E us:! and Settlemeuis. 



n 



).m 



■^J;§3sf^f^*.^;^ 



room were suddenly blown out. When the candles 
were again lit, the Charter was nowhere to be found. 
A man named William Wadsworth had carried it 
off. He hid it in the hollow of an old oak. This oak 
ever since has been known as 
the Charter Oak. 

o. Of the other New Ensr- 



land States, New Hampshire 
was settled in 1623 at Ports- 
mouth and Dover. Maine 
was settled by emigrants from 
Massachusetts in 1625. For 
a long time it formed a part 
of that State. Vermont was 
settled in 1724 at Brattleboro. 
It was claimed by both New 
York and New Hampshire. 
It finally became an independent State 




THE CHARTKR OAK. 



QUESTIONS. 

By whom was Connecticut claimed.' By whom were trading 
posts established? By whom was the first settlement made.' 
When.' Where.' When was Hartford settled.' New Haven? 
Who settled Rhode Island? When? Where? What tribe ot 
Indians inhabited Rhode Island? What was the most powerful 
tribe of Indians in that region? What became of them? Who 
prevented the Narragansetts from going to war with the whites? 
When did the Connecticut colonies unite? What was given to 
them by the King of England? What happened to it? What 
governor tried to take it away? Who hid it? Where was it 
hid? When and where was New Hampshire settled? Who set- 
tled Maine? When and where was Vermont settled? 



^4 Period of Settlement, 

GEDGRAPHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XVIII. 

Turn to the Map of Europe. 

Where is Sweden? Holland? 

In what part of Russia is Finland? 

In what part of the English Channel is the Island of Jersey? 

Tiirn to the Map of the United States and find Delavjare, 

What State touches it on the north? 

Where is New Jersey? 

What State lies west of the Delaware River? 

Where is Philadelphia? 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 

1. Delaware was settled by a colony of Swedes 
and Finns in 1638 at Christiana Creek. It was 
claimed by the Dutch as being a part of their territory. 
When Peter Stuyvesant was governor of New Nether- 
lands, he sent an army down to New .Sweden, as Dela- 
ware was then called, and took possession of it. 

2. When New Netherlands was conquered by the 
English, all the Dutch territory was given to the Duke 
OF York. The Duke of York gave that portion of the 
Dutch territory known as Delaware to William Penn. 
the great English Quaker. 

3. He gave the territory now known as New Jersey 
to two lords named Berkeley and Carteret. Carte- 
ret had been governor of the Island of Jersey, and so 



Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 75 




this tenritory was called 
New Jersey. A settle- 
ment was made at Eliza- 

BETHTOWN 111 1 664. 

4. The King of Eng- 
land also gave to William 
Penn some territory. 
This territory lay west 
t)t the Delaware River, 
and it was given to Penn 
in payment ot a large 
debt due his father. As 
the Quakers were perse- 

, , „ , 1 WILLIAM PENN 

cuted in England on ac- 
count of their way of worshipping God, Penn's idea in 
acquiring possession of this territory was to have a place 
where the Quakers would be at peace. 

5. In 1682, two thousand came over, and settled along 
the Delaware River. In 1683, Penn himself came over 
and founded Philadelphia. It was about this time 
that Delaware was given to him. The Quaker colonies 
<Trew rapidly. They did not have difficulties like many 
of the other colonies. 

6. William Penn was a good and wise man. He 
was greatly loved and respected by the Indians, for he 
treated them fairly. Although this territory was given 
him, he thought it no more than right to buy it from 
the Indians, who lived upon it. 

7. When he first came to the colony, he invited them 
to have a friendly meeting with him. This meeting 



>j6 Period of Settlement. 

took place beneath a large elm tree, known ever since 
as Penn's Elm. 

8. Penn told the Indians that the Quakers had come 
to live among them in peace and friendship He made 
them many presents. They were delighted, and prom- 
ised that the Indians and the Quakers would live at 
peace as long as the sun and moon shone. This prom- 
ise was never broken. 

QUEST ONS. 

When was Delaware settled ? Where ? By whom ? What 
name was given to the territory ? What Dutch governor took 
possession of it ? Why ? To whom was it afterwards given ? 
To whom did the Duke of York give it ? To what two lords 
did the Duke of York give New Jersey ? Where was the first 
settlement made ? When ? Whv was Pennsylvania given io 
William Penn ? Why did William Penn obtain possession of 
Pennsylvania ? How did he treat the Indians ? Where was the 
first settlement made ? When ? When was Philadelphia founded ? 
What promise did the Indians make Penn ? Was it kept ? 



E-EnERAPHY QUESTIONS 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XIX. 

Turn to the Map of Maryland and Virginia. 

Where is the Potomac River ? 

What Bay divides Maryland into two parts ? 

What States touch Maryland ? 

Where is Annapolis ? 

Where is Baltimore ? 



Maryland. 77 

CHAPTER XIX. 

Maryland. 

I. The Puritans and the Quakers were not the only 
people persecuted in England on account of their 
reli<yion. At one time the Roman Catholics were 
badly treated. Charles I was then king of England. 

3. A good and wise Catholic nobleman named 
George Calvert obtained a grant of land from the 
kino-. The title of this nobleman was Lord Baltlmore. 
The land that was given him lay north of the Potomac 
River. 

3. It was his purpose to provide a place in the New 
World where the people of his religion could make 
settlements. He died before any colonists were sent out, 
but his sons, Cecil and Leonard Calvert, carried out 
his plans. 

4. Their first settlement was made at a point a little 
north of the Potomac. The settlement was called St. 
Mary's, and the territory was named Maryland. It 
was named in honor of the Queen of England. The 
settlement of St. Mary's was made in 1634. 

5. Although Maryland was intended as a refuge for 
Catholics, many Protestants were among the early set- 
tlers. These Protestants were attracted by the richness 
of the land and the wise laws under which the colony 
was governed. One of these laws gave full religious 
liberty to all. 

6. The Maryland colonists had some trouble with 
Virginia about the boimdary. In 1635, a Virginia 



78 



Period of Settlement. 



trader, named Wil- 
liam Claybokne, 
claimed a part of 
the Maryland terri- 
tory. Some of the 
Protestant settlers 
sided with him, and 
rebelled against the 
Maryland govern- 




CATHOLJCS COLONIZING MARYLAND. 



nient. After some blood- 
shed, Clayborne was 
driven from the territory, 
but returned ten years 
after, and raised another 
rebellion. At first he was 
successful, but a large 
force was sent against 
liim, and he was again 
defeated. 



Black-Board Form. 79 

7. One of the settlements made by the Protestants in 
Maryland was known as Providence. In 1689, its name 
was changed to Annapolis, and it was made the capi- 
tal. Baltimore was founded in 1729- 

8. Between the years 1763 and 1767, the boundary 
line between Maryland and Pennsylvania and that 
between Maiyland and Delaware were fixed. The 
one between Maryland and Pennsylvania was surveyed 
by two men named Mason and Dixon. It has ever 
since been known as Mason and Dixon's Line. 



HLACK-BDARn FORM, 



r ( 1682^ First Settlement. 

Petmsvlvonia. I , 7^ 7 , 

I /0(?J, Pkiladelphta Founded. 



^ 



^ 1634.. First Settlement. 

.^ . I Clayborne' s Rebellions. 

^ "] I 1645 ^) 

'X' i Marvland. \ i68g., Annapolis made Capital. 

ki j 7729, Baltimore Founded. 

\ ' ' \ Boundaries Fixed. 



So Period of Settlement. 



QUESTIONS. 

Who besides Puritans and Quakers suffered religious persecu- 
tions in England ? To what Catholic nobleman did the King of 
England grant Maryland ? Why did he desire territory in the 
New World ? Who carried out his plans ? Where was the first 
settlement made ? When ? What was it called ? After whom 
was Maryland named ? What law was passed ? What troubles 
had the early colonists ? Who instituted a rebellion ? When ? 
What was made the capital of Maryland? When ? When was 
Baltimore founded ? When were the boundaries of Maryland 
decided ? What surveyors fixed the boundary lines ? What line 
fixed by them has since become famous in United States history ? 
Where is this line ? 

Write the Black-board Forin for the early history 
of Pennsylvania. Maryland. 



G-ED&RAPHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XX. 

Turn to the Map of the Southern States. 

What State south of Virginia? 

What State south of North Carolina? 

What State between South Carolina and Florida? 

Where is Albemarle Sound? Chowan Ri\er? 

Where is the Ashley River? Charleston? 

\Vhere is Savannah? 

CHAPTER XX. 

Carolina and Georgia. 

I. It was not long after the eastern portion of Vir- 
ginia was settled that people from that colony went south 
and formed settlements around the Chowan river and 



Carolina and Georgia. Si 

Albemarle s-nind. A clergyman named Roger Greex 
led a colony to this region as early as 1653. A few 
scattered settlements may have been made before this. 
In the year 1663, Chari.es II, who was then King of 
England, granted all the land from Virginia to the Span- 
ish^tcrritory of Florida to a nnmber of English noble- 
men, who were called Lords Proprietors. 

2. Among these noblemen were the Duke of Albe- 
marle, the Earl of Clarendon, Lord Ashley, and 
others. Great encouragement was held out to emigrants. 
Religious liberty was promised. A colony was sent 
out by Lord Clarendon in 1670. This colony reached 
the Ashley river and founded a town. They named 
this town Charleston. Ten years after, it was moved 
to where the present town of Charleston is. 

3. The land was very fertile. Among the many col- 
onists who were attracted to this region were large num- 
bers of French Huguenots. Rice was introduced from 
Madagascar at an early date. It was found to be a 
profitable crop, and it soon became the principal one. 

4. In 1729, the King of England bought the territory 
back from the Proprietors. He then divided it into two 
parts. North ar d Sou rn Carolina. He appointed a 
governor for each. When the division was made, there 
still remained to the south a portion of territory that was 
not included in South Carolina. This territory was 
granted in 1733 to James Oglethorpe. 

^. George II was the king that made this grant. 
The territory was named Georgia after him. Ogle- 
thorpe, to whom it was granted, was one of the best 



82 



Period of Scttlcnitut. 




JAMES OGLETHORPE. 



men connected with the earlv 
settlement of America. He was 
widely known for his bravery, 
for his kind heart, and for the 
many efforts he made to help 
the distressed. 

6. In those days it was the 
custom to put men in prison for 
debt. Oglethoipe felt how unjust 
this was. He determined to found 
a colony In the new world 
where these men could go and begin life again. Ho 
would give them a chance to become comfortable and 
independent by their own work. Many where glad to 
take the opportunity given them by Oglethorpe. 

7. Oglethorpe and his colony reached the Savannah 
river and founded the city of Savannah. He managed 
all the affairs of the colony with great wisdom. Like 
William Penn, he made peace with the Indians. His 
only troubles were with the Spaniards of Florida. At 
one time a large Spanish fleet with five thousand men 
threatened the Georgia colonies. Oglethorpe had only 
eight hundred men, but he managed with so much pru- 
dence that the Spaniards retreated. 

8. In 175^' nineteen years after its settlement, 
Georgia was turned over to the king and became a 
royal province. Very liberal laws were made. Many 
colonists came over from Europe. Among these colo- 
nists were a number of Germans. In a short time 
Georgia became one of the most prosperous of the 
American colonies. 



Black-Board Form. 



83 



BLftGK-HDARr] FDRM, 



>> 






Carolina. 



r /<5jJ, First Settlement. 

l66j, Granted to Lords Proprietors 
■{ 1670, Ashley Fiver Colony. 

North C. 






: 17 2g., Divided into 

C- ( South C. 

S ^733' Sa-oannah Founded . 

Georgia. <J 174-O., Trotible zuith the Spaniards. 

\^ 1732, Becomes a Foval Province. 

QUESTIONS. 

PVom where did the early settlers of North Carolina come ? 
Where did they form settlements ? What king made a grant of 
the territory south of Virginia ? When ? To whom ? How far 
south did this territory extend ? Name three of tlie Lords Pro- 
prietors. When was Lord Clarendon's colony sent out ? Where 
did it land ? What town did they found ? Who were among the 
colonists ? What became the principal crop of the Carolina col- 
onists ? What king bought back this territory ? When ? To 
whom did he grant the southern portion of it ? What name was 
given to it ? What kind of a man was Oglethorpe ? What cus- 
tom prevailed in England in those days ? What city did Ogle- 
thorpe found ? What troubles had the early Georgia settlers ? 
What did the Georgia colony shortly become ? 

Write the Black-board Form for the early history 
of the Caroliuas, Georgia. 



84 Period of Settlement. 



G-EDGRAFHY QUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXI. 

Tiiru to tlie Map of Louisiana and Texas. 

In what part of Louisiana is the mouth of the Mississippi 
River ? 

What large river empties into the Mississippi in Louisiana ? 

What state touches Louisiana on the East ? 

Where is New Orleans ? 

In what part of Texas is Matagorda bay ? 

Where is the Neches River ? 

What direction is Illinois from Matagorda bay ? 

Turn to the Map of Mississippi and find Biloxi. 

How would you go by water from New Orleans to Biloxi ? 



CHAPTER XXI. 
Louisiana. 

I. After La vSalle sailed down the great Mississippi 
River to its mouth, he went to France and told the 
king of his explorations. The king was well pleased 
to hear that the great territory of Louisiana had been 
added to the French possession in America. 

3. It was the wish of La Salle to make a settlement 
at the mouth of the river he had explored. The king 
very readily gave him permission. In 1685, La Salle 
started with four vessels and three hundred men. He 
missed the mouth of the Mississippi, and reached a bay 
further west that is now known as Matagorpa Bay, 



Louisiana. 85 

3. La Salle landed and built a fort. A number of 
misfortunes happened to him. Two of his ships were 
lost, and his naval commander Beujeu quarrelled with 
him and left in a third ship for France. Shortly after 
this he lost the fourth vessel. The Indians were very 
unfriendly, and he was on territory claimed by Spain. 

4. With twenty picked men he started across the 
country. It was his purpose to reach either the Missis- 
sippi river, or the French settlement that had been made 
in Illinois some years previous. 

5. He arrived at a point near the Neches river, in 
the south-eastern part of what is now Texas. Here 
his men quarrelled, and La Salle was killed. The great 
and brave explorer who had done so much for France 
in the new world never lived to know how important 
were his explorations. 

6. in 1699, two brothers, Ibervili.e and Bienville, 
entered the mouth of the Mississippi. They sailed up 
as far as the Red river. As they returned, they sepa- 
rated. Iberville made explorations in what is now the 
southern portion of Mississippi, and planted a colony 
near an Indian village. It was called Biloxi. 

7. He was soon joined by Bienville. A third 
brother named Sauvolle was appointed governor of 
the colony, and Iberville returned to France. Upon the 
death of Sauvolle, Bienville became governor. In 1718, 
a point was selected upon the left bank of the Mississippi 
River, and the city of New Orleans was founded. 

8. From these French settlements near the mouth of 
the Mississippi to the settlements in Canada there was 



86 



Period of Settlement. 




"n^. r^M^ 






rOUNDING OF NEW OH I. FANS. 



soon established a line of forts and trading iDosts. These 
posts were built along the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the 
Great Lakes. The English colonies upon the Atlantic 
coast were almost suiTounded by the territory of France. 
We shall see what quarrels the French and English had 
over some of this territory. 



HLACK-BDAI^I] FGRM. 



Louisiana. < 



[ IS 4^1 Visited bv De Soto. 

1682., Explored by La Salic. 

i6gg^ Settled at Biloxi by Iberville. 
^ 77/(5', Nexv Orleans Fomided. 



Louisiana. 87 



QUESTIONS. 

Who fii ;t bailed down the Mississippi River to its moutii ? 
What name did he give the territory he explored ? To whom 
did he go to tell of his explorations ? How did the French 
king receive the news ? How did La Salle first reach the 
Mississippi River before sailing down to its mouth ? After 
returning from France how did he try to reach it ? With how 
many ships did he sail ? With how many men ? When ? 
Who WPS his naval commander? What did he reach in place 
of the mouth of the Mississippi ? What misfortunes happened 
to him ? What became of La Salle ? What two brothers 
entered the mouth of the Mississippi ? How far up did they 
go ? What settlement did Iberville make ? When ? Where ? 
Who was the first governor ? The second ? When was New 
Orleans founded ? How was the territory of Louisiana and 
New France connected ? What colonies were almost surrounded 
by French territory ? 

Write the Black-board Form for Louisiaua. 



88 



Period of Settlement. 



^-'^(Qe-utetf^ (u^utityi^^- 



of 



^eet2.Hj ^/^/V<y/ 



Eiiolish 



Settlements. J 



French. 



^ Ij8j, North Carolina {attempted). 
1607., Virginia. 
1620., Massachusetts. 
162 J., N'ew Hampshire. 
i6jj^ Connecticut. 
j6j4. J\larv/and. 
i6j6., Rhode Island. 
idjj, North Carolina. 
1664., New Jersey. 
iSyo, South Carolina. 
1682^ Pennsylvania. 
1733^ Georgia. 

'1562, South Caroli//a {attempted). 
I 564.1 Florida {attempted). 
1605., Nova Scotia. 
1608., Quebec. 
1685., Texas {attempted). 
i6og.i Biloxi. 



yiJiB., New Orleans. 

Dutch. — 16 1 4, New York. 
Swedish. — 1638., Delaware. 

[156^., St. Augustine. 
^^'"'''^' \ 1382. Santa Fe. 



Reviexv Outline. 



89 



Showing 



I5cil, Sciitfi iP.izcfi/ia (jttcmptcc). 
/c(S4, <^/czica {i-Tttcmptcc.) 
1565, St. Augustine. 
1582, Santa Fe. 

IjSj, N'vrth Carolina (^attempted.) 
1cC5, Si era Scctict. 
i6oy , I Hrgin ia . 
16C8, Qiicfcc. 
1 6 14, New York. 
1620, Massachusetts. 
162 J ^ JVezv Hampshire, 
Settlements. <^ 1^33^ Connecticut. 
1634, Maryla7td. 
1636., Rhode Island. 
1638, Delaware. 
16^3, North Carolina. 
1664., Nexv Jersey. 
idyo., Sonth Carolina. 
1682. Pennsvh'ania. 
tcSo, (Lcxas {atteiTiptcB). 
1699, Bifoxi. 
171 S, dlcw Qzfcoms, 
[ 1733^ Georgia. 



go Period of Settlcmoit. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

What part of North America was claimed by Spain ? 
Naiyie the principal Spanish discoverers and explorers ? 
\A^hat two Spanish settlements were made in what is now 
the United States ? When were these settlements made ? 
What part of North America was claimed by England? 
Name the principal English explorers. 
What was the first permanent English settlement ? 
What settlements were made by English Puritans r Quakers .' 
Catholics ? 

■What was the lost colony of America ? 
What was the first quarrel over territory ? 

Name the principal events of early Virginia histoiy? Massa- 
chusetts? Maryland? New York ? Connecticut? 

When was Boston founded? New York? Philadelphia? 
Baltimore? Charleston? Savannah? New Orleans ? 

Who was Captain John Smith? William Penn? John Car- 
ver? James Oglethorpe? John Winthrop? Peter Stuyvesant? 
Edward Wingfield? Roger Green? Roger W^illiams ? Cecil 
Calvert? Miles Standish ? Nathaniel Bacon? Powhatan? 
Samoset? Pocahontas? Massasoit? Opechancanough ? 

W^hat four explorers are connected with the Mississippi River? 
W^hat was the fate of La Salle ? 

What two brothers first entered the mouth of the Mississippi 
River ? 

After whom was New York named ? Virginia ? Georgia ? 
Louisiana? Maryland? New Jersey? Pennsylvania? 
Why is Penn's Elm famous ? The Charter Oak ? 
What two rebellions occured in the early history of the Eng- 
lish Colonies ? 

Write what you know of John Smith. William 
Penn. James Oglethrope. La Salle. 

Write the Black-board form for Virjj;inia. New 
York. Massachusetts. Pennsylvania. Mai-yland. 
The Carolinas. Georgia. Louisiana. 



Geography Questions. n i 



tEDG-RAPHY QUESTIDNS. 

I'l^HMMINAKV TO CHAPTKK XXII. 

Turn lo the Map of the Middle Stdtes. 
In wliat part of New York is Sclienectadv ? 
Where is Albany ? 

Wliat bouiuls New York on the north? 
What direction from Albany is Montreal ? 
Tnni to the Map of North America. 
Where is Cape Breton Island ? 
Where is Nova Scotia ! 

Mow would yon go by water troni Boston to Cape Breton 
Island ? to Quebec ? 







LOU <- B URC 



CHAPTER XXII. 



Colonial Jealousies. 

1. The Eng^lish settlements were all made along the 
Atlantic coast. The French settlements were made in 
Canada and along the Mississipjii River. They had also 
settlements in what is now Nova Scotia. Their name 
for Nova Scotia was Acadia. 

2. As time passed on, both French and English colo- 
nists grew^ in numbers. It was not long before they be- 
came jealous of each other. In Europe, France and 
England quarrelled several times while America was 
being settled. Whenever they went to war with each 
other, the English and French colonists did the same. 



Colonial Jealousies. 93 

3. In these wars between the colonists, the French 
were assisted by Indians. The English colonists suffered 
greatly from the cruelty of these Indians. Many help- 
less old men, women, and children were massacred V)y 
them. 

4. Each of these Ixter-Coi.oxial wars was named 
after the King or Queen that ruled over England at the 
time. The names of the wars were: King William's, 
Qi'EEx Anne's, and King George's. 

5. King William's war began in 16S9 and ended in 
1697. It was in this war that the Indians fell upon the 
little village of Schenectady, in the eastern part of 
New York, and put nearly all the inhabitants to death. 
The English, in this w\ar, planned an expedition from 
Albany against Montreal. Another was to start from 
Boston and capture Quebec. Both failed. 

6. Queen Anne's war began in 1702 and lasted 
eleven years. A number of villages in New Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts and Connecticut were destroyed by 
the French and Indians. The English, in this war, con- 
quered Acadia. The name of Acadia was changed to 
Nova Scotia. 

7. King George's war began in 1744, and ended in 
1748. The great event of this war was the capture of 
LouiSBURG by the English colonists. Louisburg was a 
strongly fortified city on the island of. Cape Breton. 
It took six weeks and much hard fighting to capture it. 
It was given back to the French when peace was de- 
clared. 



94 Period of Cohjiial Growth. 



QUESTIONS. 

Name three wars between the Englisli ami French colonies ? 
Wliere were the Englisli settlements made ? French ? What was 
Nova Scotia formerly calletl ? What colonists were assisted by 
the Indians? When did King William's war begin ? How long 
did it last ? When did Queen Anne's war begin ? When did it 
fiwA ? How long did King George's war last ? When did it be- 
gin ? What massacre look place in King William's war ? What 
lonquest was made by the English in Queen Anne's war ? What 
fortified city was taken in Ki'.g George's war ? 



DEDERilPHY gUESTIDNS. 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTKR XXII F. 

Turn to the Map of the United States. 
What States border on the Ohio River ? 
What States between the Ohio and Potomac Rivers ? 
What States between Virginia and the Mississippi River ? 
Turn to the Map of the Middle Slates. 

In going from the sc utheastern part of Virginia to the eastern 
part of Ohio, w!iat ;:'.ounlains would have to be crossed ? 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

The Great Virginian. 

1. Virginia was settled l)y some of the best and 
bravest people of England. When the French claimed 
the territory around the Ohio River, through the dis- 
coveries of La Salle and Marcjuette, the Virginians de- 
termined not to submit to it. 

2. T'.is territory was known to early settlers as 
the GuEA'i' Woods. Game was abundant there. This 



The Great Virginian. 95 

game furnished valuable furs. As the Virginians con- 
sidered that their territory extended from the Atlantic 
to wherever the Pacific might be, they looked upon the 
Great Woods as a part of Virginia. 

3. The French wrote upon a lead plate their claim 
to the land. This plate was buried upon the l>ankj! of 
the Ohio River. They then occupied the region with 
troops and built several forts. 

4. In 1753, Robert Dinwiddie was governor of Vir- 
ginia. He determined to send a written protest to the 
French against their occupying the disputed territory. 
The one who carried this protest would have many dif- 
ficulties and dangers to overcome. 

5. Mountains would have to be crossed. Unknown 
woods would have to be travelled through. The journey 
would occupy many days. The bearer of the protest 
would have to be brave, strong, wise, and persevering. 
Dinwiddie found the right person in a young man of 
twenty-one. This young Virginian was George Wash- 
ington. 

6. Young as he was, he had already held important 
positions. At sixteen he surveyed some lands belonging 
to Lord Fairfax, an English nobleman living in Vu- 
ginia. At nineteen he was Adjutant General of the 
northern district of Virginia. 

7. From his boyhood up, he was known for his great 
tiuthfulness. It was this same bra\e, truthful youth that 
afterwards became the first President of the United 
States and the Father of his country. 

8. Washington carried the message safely to the 
French. The French General, who was named St. 



96 



Period of CoIo7iiaI Growth. 




WASHINGTON AND THE FRFNCH COMMANDANT. 

Pierre, received him with respect, but told him that the 
French would not withdraw from the territory ; and with 
this answer, Washington set out on his return. 

9. On his way back, many dangers were met by 
him. He came near losing his life several times. Once 
a treacherous Indian guide shot at him. While cross- 
ing a river, he fell into the water. As it was winter 
and the river filled with ice, he reached land with great 
difficulty. The horses gave out before the journey back 
was finished, but Washington shouldered a knapsack 
and walked through the snow until he reached Virginia. 
His pluck and perseverance won him many friends. 



The Great Quarrel Over Territory. 97 



QUESTIONS. 
What ten-ilory was claimed by Virginia? VViiy did tlie French 
claim it? What name was given to this territory by the early 
settlers? How did the French formally take possession of this 
lerritorv? Who was the governor of Virginia in 1753 ? What did 
he determine to do? Whom did he send to the French? What 
dangers were overcome by the messenger? Who was the 
French general that occupied the Great Woods? What message 
did he send back to Dinwiddie? What do you know of George 
Washington? 



GEDGRflPHY QUESTIDNS, 

PKELIMINAUY 10 C IIAPTEU XXIV. 

Turn to the Map of the Middle States. 
Where is Lake George ? 
Where is the Niagara River ? 

In what direction would an army march from Canada to Lake 
George ? 

What river between West Virginia and Ohio ? 

Where is Pittsburg ? 

At the junction of what rivers is it ? ' 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

The Great Quarrel Over Territory. 

1. When Washington retin-ned with the answer of 
the French, it was determined to send an expedition 
ao-ainst them. A force under command of Washington 
occupied the disputed territory. 

2. When this force arrived near the point where 
Pittsburg now stands, they surprised and defeated a 



98 Period of Colonial Growt/i. 



party of French under De Jumonvili.e. This is known 
as the battle of Great Meadows. 

3. Washington then built a fort, and called it Fort 
Necessity. It was not long before a large body of 
French appeared, and surrounded this fort. The ammu- 
nition of the English had given out, so Washington 
was forced to surrender. He and his men succeeded in 
making their way back to Virginia. This was in i754- 

4. The defeat at Fort Necessity aroused the Eng- 
lish, It made them feel that if they wanted the terri- 
tory that was claimed, they must fight for it. A war 
took place known as the French and Indian War. 
This war was to decide which of the two, England or 
France, should own the larger part of North America. 

5. The four principal British generals that took part 
in this war were Arercrombie, Amherst, BrAddock 
and Woi.FE. The French had a very brave general 
named Montcalm. 

6. At the beginning of the war, four expeditions 
were planned by the English. Two of these were suc- 
cessful. One of the two was made to northern New 
York, defeating the French near Lake George, and the 
other, to Acadia. 

7. When the English conquered Acadia some years 
before, they permitted the French to remain. These 
gave the English some trouble when the French and 
Indian War broke out. The expedition that was sent, 
captured the Acadian forts. The Acadians were put 
on board of English vessels, and were cruelly forced to 
leave their homes. Many of them found their way to 
Louisiana. 



Geography Questions. 99 

8. The other two expeditions were not successful. 
One was against Niagara, and the other was against 
the French Fort Du Quesne. This fort had been 
built where Pittsburg is now. The leader of this ex- 
pedition was the Commander-in-Chief of the English 
forces, General Edward Braddock. 



• QUESTIONS. 

Who was sent to occupy tlie disputed territory ? What victory 
did he win ? What was the French commander's name ? What 
defeat did Washington suffer ? What war began with these bat- 
tles ? Wlio were the four principal English generals in this war ? 
Who was the principal French general ? How many expeditions 
were planned at the beginning of the war? What two were suc- 
cessful ? Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the English? 
What expedition did he lead ? 



GEDGRAFHY t^UESTIDNS. 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXV. 

Turn to the Map of the Middle States. 

In what part of Maryland is Cumberland? 

In what part of Virginia is Williamsburg? 

How would an army go from Williamsburg to Cumberland: 

What direction is Pittsburg from Cumberland? 

In what part of New York is Ticonderoga? 



Period of Colonial GroxvtJi. 



CHAPTER XXV 



English Defeats. 

I. Braddock's army consisted of looo soldiers from 
England. These were used to fighting in the wars of 
Europe, but knew nothing of the Indian way of fight- 
ing. They were joined by about the same number . of 
colonists from Virginia, Maryland, and New York. 

3. Geneial Braddock was a brave soldier, but he was 
\erv stuI)Ijorn and would not take advice. He thought 

that the English sol- 
diers could do all the 
tightmg, and that the 
French and Indians 
would not be able to 
stand against them. 

3. Although he 
knew nothing about 
the country through 
which he was to travel, 
he refused the assist- 
ance of a celebrated 
BRADDOCK AND CAPTAIN JACK. raugcr aud h u n t c r 

named Captain Jack. This ranger was used to the 
Great Woods, and he offered to go with his companions 
before Braddock, and keep the enemy from surprising 
him. 

4. It was in June, 1755, that the army started from 
Fort Cumberland, in what is now the western part 




English Defeats. 



lOI 



of Maryland. Instead of traveling as fast as possible so 
as to ;urprise the French, the army went marching 
through the woods with drums beating and flags flymg. 
Much time was taken. The English often stopped to 
build good roads to march over. 

, Washington accompanied Braddock. He did his 
besi to show the general what ought to be done. He 
was not listened to. The army soon drew near For 
Du Quesne. It had been watched by Indian scouts all 

""^r^'The French commandant of Fort Du Quesne was 
named De Contrecceur. When he heard that Brad- 
dock was near the fort he thought to retreat. But one 
of his young captains, named De Beujeu, offered to 
go out, and give Braddock battle. The commandant 
permitted him_ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^ 

were Indians. He posted his men behind rocks and 
trees. When the English came up, he opened a hot hre 
upon them. This was not the European way of fight- 
hfg. Many of the English were shot down. The rest 

retreated in a panic. 

8 The Indians would have followed up the success 
and massacred the flying soldiers, but Washington and 
his brave Virginians stood their ground. They had 
posted themselves behind rocks and trees just as the 
French and Indians had done. The rear of the reUea - 
ing army was protected by them. In this battle Brad- 
dock was mortally wounded, and De Beujeu was kiUeC 
g In the first years of the French and Indian Wai, 
the Eno-lish were defeated several times. In 1757 t ort 



I02 Period of Col enial Growth. 



William Henry, on Lake George, surrendered to Gen- 
eral Montcalm, and the English garrison was massacred 
by the Indians of Montcalm's army. In 175S, Montcalm 
defeated General Abercrombie at Ticonderoga. In this 
battle the English lost 2000 men. 

QUESTIONS. 

Of what did Braddock's army consist ? What kind of a man 
was Braddock ? Whose services did he decline ? When did iiis 
army start from P'ort Ciimberlnnd ? Who accompanied him ? 
How did his army travel ? What did Washinu;ton try to do ? 
Who was the commandant of Fort Du Qiiesne ? What young 
French captain offered to meet Braddock ? How did the French 
and Indians arrange themselves ? Wb.at was the result of tiie 
battle ? Who saved the defeated army from massacre ? What 
other defeats did the English suffer in this war ? What French 
general captured Fort William Henry ? When ? What English 
general was defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga ? When ? 
How many men did the English lose in this defeat ? 



GEDGRAFHY QUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXVI. 

Where is Louisburg? 

Where is Ticonderoga? 

In what part of Pennsylvania is Pittsburg? 

Where is the Niagara River? 

In what part of Canada is Quebec? 

Upon what river is Quebec? 



English Successes. 



103 



CHAPTER XXVI. 



English Successes. 



1. After Braddock and Abercrombie had been so 
badly defeated, General Amherst won some very import- 
ant victories for the English. In 175S, he sailed to Cape 
Breton Island, and captured Louis.burg. It was not 
given back to the French this time. 

2. The next year Amherst captured Ticoxderoga 
and Crown Point. These were two strong forts in the 
northeastern part of New York. While he was meeting 
with these successes, Washington captured Fort Du 
Quesne, and the 

Ens^lish General ^^ ^-%r-. ^ 

Prideaux took // V^3\ 

Niagara. 

3. The French 
were thus driven 
back to Canada. 
The strongest 
city in America 
was Quebec. 
The English de- 
cided to conquer Canada, and an expedition was sent 
out against Quebec. 

4. The commander of this expedition was a brave 
young general named Wolfe. His army consisted of 
Sooo men. General Montcalm, who had about as many, 
occupied the city. 




I04 



Period of Colonial Growth. 




VVOI.I-e's army ascending the HEKrilTS. 

5. Quebec is built upon a high bluff, and Wolfe 
found it almost impossible to reach the top. For two 
months he besieged the place. At last he discovered a 
rough, narrow pathway to the top of the bluff. The 
French thought it would be impossible for a whole army 
to go up this little path. They did not guard it very well. 

6. Wolfe brought his army one night to the foot of 
this path. They moved so quietly that the French knew 
nothing about what they were doing. By morning the 
whole army was at the top of the bluff, and on the 
Plains of Abraham just outside the city. 

7. The Fi-ench army came out of Quebec, and a bat- 
tle was fought. The English were victorious. Both 



Results of the War. 105 



Wolfe and Montcalm showed great bravery. Both were 
mortally wounded. Both died contented, Wolfe because 
his army had won, IVIontcalm because he was not to 
live to see the surrender of Quebec. 

QUESTIONS. 

What English general won important victories? What fortified 
town did he capture? When? What two forts in New Yoik 
did he take? When? Who captured Fort DuQuesne about this 
time? What general took Niagara? What English general was 
sent against Quebec? How many men did he have? What 
French general occupied the city? Why was Quebec difficult to 
capture? What plains are just outside the city? How did 
Wolfe's army reach the Plains of Abraham? What was the re- 
sult of the battle? 



G-ED&RAPHY QUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXVII. 

Turn to the Map of the United States. 

What States lie east of the Mississippi River? 

What States border on Canada? 

What States and territories west of the Mississippi River? 

What country lies north of the United States? 

To whom does it now belong? 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

Results of the War. 

I. Peace was made between France and England in 
1763. The French and Indian War thus came to an 
end. In making peace, France agreed to give up all her 
territory. 



io6 Period of Colonial Growth. 



2. Canada and most of the territory east of the Mis- 
ssissippi River was given to England, The land west of 
the Mississippi was given to Spain. Spain afterward 
gave it secretly back to France. 

3. The Indians that had assisted the French did not 
stop fighting when the French did. An Indian chief 
named Pontiac troubled the English colonists for sev- 
eral years. He was at last conquered. 

4. The French and Indian War gave the colonists 
much experience in fighting. England had furnished 
the arms, the ammunition, and the generals. The Col- 
onies had furnished the soldiers. These soldiers learned 
all about war, and this knowledge soon became valuable 
to them. 

5. The expense of carrying on the war was great. 
It had cost England much money. It had cost the col- 
onies both money and men. England was paid back 
by the large territory she had won, but she thought the 
colonies ought to pay her the money she had spent. 

6. The colonists did not think this was right. When 
England tried to make them pay taxes, it caused much 
trouble. The success of the colonial soldiers gave the 
colonists much confidence in themselves. If England 
was going to treat them unjustly, they would resist. 
This resistance brought about the Revolution. 

QUESTIONS. 
When was peace declared between France and England? 
What did France lose by the French and Indian War? What 
territory was given up to England? What help did the colonists 
give England in this war? What did the colonists learn? What 
did England gain? What Indian chief gave the colonists much 
trouble after this war? 



Review Outline. 



107 



(-tu/^te. 



of 



te'^i.e/i- iznt:/ (^w«?2^.^ 



t-t^n- 



't^4^. 



r Causc^ Disputed Territory 



^^ 




ND 




«^ 




S 




^ 


'^ 


;q 


►^ 


s 


■<s> 




«^ 


k 


cq 



s 



^ 



c:3 



r 



British \ ictories. 



French Yictories 



£}ii>iish. 



French. 



I I 



r 1754. Great Meadows. 
J755i Lake George. 

r, ( Louisburgr. 
''^^\Fort 



^759. \ 



Ticonderoga 



Dii ^uesne. 

iderocra. 
Crown Point. 
Niagara, 
^^itebec. 



f /7J4, Fort Necessity. 

' /7JJ, Braddock's Defeat. 

1757 1 Fort William Henry. 
I 1758., Ticonderoga. 

f Braddock. 
I Abercrombie. 

Amherst. 

Wolfe. 

{De Jumonville. 
De Contreccetir. 
Montcalm. 



io8 Period of Colonial Grotvth. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Name four Spanish discoverers and explorers. 

Name four English discoverers and explorers. 

Name four French discoverers and explorers. 

What part of the New W^orld was claimed by France ? 
England? 

When was the first permanent French settlement made? 
English ? 

Name the three inter-colonial wars. 

W^hen did each begin? 

W^hat was the cause of the French and Indian War? 

When did it begin? 

Name the French victories. 

Name the English victories. 

Who was Braddock? Montcalm? Abercrombie? De Beujeu ? 
Amherst ? Washington ? De Contrecoeur ? Wolfe ? Prideaux ? 

TVrite what you know of Braddock. 
Write what you know^ of the capture of Quehec 
Write the Review Outline of the French and 
Indian War. 



DEDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTERS XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, AND XXXI. 

Where is Philadelphia ? 
Where is Boston ? 

Name the States between Maine and Florida that border upon 
the Atlantic, 

What direction is Philadelphia from Boston ? 

How would you go by land from Virginia to Boston ? 

What States east of New York ? 

What mountains in these States ? 

Where is Ticonderoga ? Crown Point ? 







CHAPTER XXVIII 



Why the Colonists Resisted 



1. From time to time some very unjust laws had been 
made by England for the government of the colonies. 
When unjust laws are made and people are compelled 
to obey them, it is called Tyranny. Brave people 
seldom submit to tyranny. 

2. One of the laws, made as far back as 1660, for- 
bade the colonists building or using their own ships. 
Although many things were exported, or sent, to Europe, 
the law was that only English vessels were permitted 
to be used. This law was known as the Navigation 
Act. 

3. In 1764, Acts of Trade were passed. These acts 
compelled the colonists to send their products, such as 



no Period oj' devolution. 

sugar, rice, tobacco, and cotton, to England. It j^re- 
vented them from trading with any other country. At 
one time the colonists were not permitted to manvifac- 
ture certain articles for themselves. This was to make 
them buy these articles, and they could be bought only 
from English merchants. 

4. In order to make the colonists j^ay the expenses 
of the French and Indian War, different laws were made 
to raise money. One of these was known as the Stamp 
Act. It compelled the colonists to put a stamp upon 
every note, bond, or other writing and upon every news- 
paper and almanac. The stamps were to be sold by 
England. 

5. Another way by which England tried to raise 
money from the colonists was to make them pay a tax 
on the tea they used. Taxes were also imposed upon 
paint, varnish, glass, and other things. 

6. These tax laws were made in England. English 
laws ai^ made by men from different parts of the king- 
dom. These men represent the parts they are from, in 
the Parliament, or assembly of English law-makers. 

7. The colonists did not send representatives to this 
Parliament, and it should not have imposed these taxes, 
for Taxation without Representation is not right. 
There were many brave men among the colonists will- 
ing to fight and die for what they thought to be right, 
so they determined to resist. 

8. The stamps that were sent over were either burned 
or sent back. When the tax was placed on tea, the 
colonists stopped using it altogether. A number of men 



W/iy the Colonists Resisted. 



Ill 




BOSTON TEA TARTY. 



disguised as Indians 

went one night on 

board of a vessel 

loaded with it, and 

threw all the tea 

over board. This 

took place in Boston, and is known as the great Boston 

Tea Party. 

9. England became very angry at the resistance of 
the colonists. Soldiers were sent over to compel them 
to obey. These soldiers were quartered in Boston. It 
was not long before trouble arose between them and 
the people. 

QUESTIONS. 
What is tyranny.' When did England pass unjust laws for the 
government of the colonies.? What was the Navigation Act.' 
What were the Trade Acts.' What was the Stamp Act.' What 
was the Tea Tax.' What other articles than tea were taxed.' 
How did the colonists resist the Stamp Act.' How did they 
resist the Tea Tax? Why did they object to being taxed.' What 
was the Boston Tea Party.' What step did England take to 
compel the colonists to obey? 



113 



Period of Revolution. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 



Getting Ready. 



I. Virginia and Massachusetts had taken the lead in 
resisting England. When English soldiers were sent to 
Massachusetts, all the colonies were aroused. The colon- 
ists of Virginia declared that an attack upon Massachusetts 
was an attack upon Virginia. They also expressed much 
sympathy for the people of Massachusetts. 

3. An eloquent voung Vir- 
ginian named Patrick Henry 
made himself famous at this 
time. His speeches stirred the 
colonists. They had resisted a 
long time without believing 
that war would actually occur. 
3. Henry foresaw what was 
coming. He did much to en- 
oourage and strengthen the 
colonists to stand up for the 
right. He is known as the Pro- 
phet OF THE ReVOLUTIOX, 

and his eloquent words, "Give me liberty or give me 
death," will ever be remembered. 

4. On the 5th day of September, 1774, representatives 
from twelve of the colonies met at Philadelphia. This 
meeting was called a Congress. It was the First Conti- 
nental Congress. It was composed of the best and 
wisest men in the colonies. 








A MINUTE MAN 



114 



Period of Revolution. 



5. This Congress drew up a Declaration of Rights. 
an Address to the People of Great Britain, and an 
Address to the People of the Colonies. It also agi-eed 
to have nothing to do with England until all unjust laws 
were repealed. 

6. By this time, men in different colonies were organ- 
izing themselves into companies. In forming these com- 
panies, the men promised to be ready at a minute's no- 
tice. They were called Minute Men. 

7. The colonists were determined not to be interfered 
with by English soldiers. They were getting ready to 
fight if necessary. They did fight, for war soon follow- 
ed. Let us see how the war commenced. 



HLACK-BDARn FORM, 



\ 1660^ Navigation Act. 

1764, Trade Acts. 

Causes J 7651 Stamp Act. 

of the ', 1767, Tea 7^ax. 

Revolutio)/. I 1768. The Sendi)ig of Soldiers. 

1773^ Boston Tea Partv- 

1774, First Continental Congress. 



The First Battle. 115 



QUESTIONS, 

What two colonies were foremost in resisting England ? What 
declaration did the Virginia colonists make? Who was the Prophet 
ot the Revolution? What effect had his speeches upon the 
colonists? What words of his will ever be remembered? What 
assembled at Philadelphia, September 5th, 1774? Of what was it 
composed? What did this Congress draw xip? What did it agree 
to? What were organized in different co'onies about this time? 
Why were they called minute men? For what were the colonists 
jireparing? 

Write the Black-board Form for the Causes of the 
Revolution. 

CHAPTER XXX. 
The First Battle. 

1. On the morning of the 19th day of April, 1775, 
a body of English soldiers entered the town of Lexing- 
ton, Massachusetts. They were on their way to Con- 
cord to destroy some military stores that had been col- 
lected there by the Americans. 

2. General Gage had been appointed governor of 
Massachusetts. He was also Commander-in-Chief of the 
British forces. He had about three thousand soldiers 
with him in Boston. When he heard that the Americans 
were collecting powder, shot and other military stores 
at Concord, he decided to send out a secret expedition to 
destroy them. 

3. But the British were watched closely in Boston. 
As soon as it was learned that an expedition was to be 
made, and that the British were about to start, two lights 
were hung up in a church steeple as a signal. A brave 



i6 



Period of Rcvohitio7i. 




PAUL REVERE WATCHING FOR THE SIGNAL. 



young Amer i ca n 
named Paul Revere 
waited for this signal 
on the other side of 
the river, and as soon 
as it appeared he set 
out at full speed to 
warn the people of 
the approach of the 
Biitish. 

4. The people be- 
came greatly excited. 
Minute men quicklv 
assembled at differ- 
ent points. Some of 
these were collected 
at Lexington when 
Thev were under the com- 



the British entered the town, 
mand of Captain Parker. 

5. When the minute men were seen, they were ordered 
to disperse by Major Pitcairn, of the British. The 
order was not obeyed. The soldiers then fired upon the 
Americans, killing seven. The minute men scattered, and 
the British marched on to Concord. 

6. After destroying what stores they could find, they 
started on their way back to Boston. Three hundred of 
them never saw Boston again. They were killed on the 
road coming back. The minute men of all that part 
of the country had collected together to oppose the 
British. 



Driving the British from Boston. 1 17 

7. From behind rocks, fences, barns, and houses the 
British were fired upon. The killing at Lexington was 
dearly paid for. If General Gage had not sent assistance, 
none of the British that took part in the Concord expedi- 
tion would have returned. 

8. The battle of Lexington was the first battle 
of the war that could be put off no longer. When 
the sufferings of Massachusetts became known, all the 
other colonies came to her assistance. The people no 
longer considered themselves colonists. They were 
.\mericans. They were no longer to resist unjust laws. 
They were to fight for liberty — the liberty of which 
Patrick Henry spoke. 

QUESTIONS. 

When did English troops enter Lexington ? From where did 
the V come ? Where were they going? Why? Whom did they 
find at Lexington .' Who was captain of the minute men ? 
What did Major Pitcaiin do ? What happened then t Who was 
the English governor of Massachusetts at this time .'' How many 
soldiers did he have .' Who warned tiie people of Lexington 
and Concord that tiie British were coming } What happened to 
the British on their way back from Concord.-' How many men 
did the Americans lose at Lexington 1 How many men did the 
Britisli lose on the return .? In the war that followed, what did 
the Americans fight for .' 

CHAPTER XXXL 

Driving the British from Boston. 

t. The news that a battle had been fought at Lex- 
ington soon spread. Many minute men hastily gath- 
ered around Boston. It was determined to force the 



11^ 



Period oj Revolution. 



British to leave. The Americans immediately began 
building fortifications. 

2. About one thousand were sent to fortify a hill 

Not fnt from this 



near Boston called Bunker Hill. 
hill was another called Breed's 
HiLE, to which, by mistake, 
they proceeded. As they were 
busily at work, a British force 




rORTIFVING liKEED'S HILL. 

of twenty-five hundred men was sent to drive them off. 

3. But the Americans were not so easily driven. 
Twice did the British charge up the hill. Both times 
they were met with so hot a fire, and so much brav- 
ery that they retreated. By the time the third charge 
was made, the ammunition of the Americans had given 
out. 

4. The Americans clubbed their muskets, and stood 
their ground as long as they could. But. at last, they 



Driving the British from Boston. 



119 



were forced back, and were compelled to give up the 
hill to the British. The victory was dearly bought, 
for in this battle the Americans lost only four hundred 
and fifty men, while the British lost more than four 
times that number. Althougli this battle was fought on 
Breed's Hill, it is known as the Battle ok Bunker 
Hill. 

5. Before this battle took place, three important 
events had occurred elsewhere. These events weie the 
capture of Ticondeuoga and Crown Point, the meeting 







Six 'S^iOttm.t 

•"THIS Bill entitles the 
_1 ^Bearer to xcceivf 
SIX SPANISH MILLED 
DOLLARS, OT the 
"Value t?iErfo/ xnGGLD 
OT-^ILVERocirardinc; to 
aRcsoiution of CbN- 
GRESS pMiUcLt Phi. 
ladelfshia N^v-Z- ^J/6- 




I'mm 



o^ 



CONTINENTAL PAPER MONEY. 



of the Second Continental Congress, and the ap- 
pointment of General George Washington commander- 
in-chief of the American forces. 

6. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured by 
Colonel Ethan Allen. Most of his men were from 
Vermont. They were known as the Green Mountain 



I20 Period of Revolution. 



Boys. The forts that were captured were full of 
military stores. Cannon and ammunition were sent from 
these forts to the Americans around Boston. 

7. Washington arrived a few days after the battle of 
Bunker Hill, and took command of the army. Several 
months were spent in drilling the Americans, and at 
last they were ready to attack the British. 

8. Washington had some strong fortifications thrown 
up on Dorchester Heights. These Heights looked 
into the streets of Boston. When the British saw how 
dangerous it would be to stay longer in Boston, the\' 
went on board their vessels, and sailed for Halifax. 
June 17, 1775, the battle of Bunker Hill was fought. 
In March, the following year, the British left Boston. 

9. Open war had now commenced between England 
and America. Many Ainericans were not in favor of 
this war. Some even gave assistance to the British. 
Those who fought against England were known as 
Whigs, or Patriots. Those who were friendly to- 
wards the enemies of their country were called Tories, 
or Royalists. 

QUESTIONS. 

What effect had the battle of Lexington 1 What did the 
Americans determine to do ? To what hill were Americans 
sent? What hill did they fortify? What did the British decide 
to do ? How many times did they try to take the hill ? Wii\ 
did they at last succeed ? What important events occurred before 
this battle ? Who captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point ? 
What were his men called ? Why were these points valuable to 
tlie Americans ? When did Washington take command of the 
army ? What preparations did he make ? What heights did 
he fortify "i Why did the British leave Boston ? Where did 
they go ? W''»a ? Who were the Patriots ? Tories ? 



The }Var for /^dependence. i3i 



PRELIMINAPvV 1() lUAITKKS XXXil AND XXXlll. 

I'l/ifi lo the Miifi of E/tro/>c. 

Whore is Great Britain? 

Of what does it consist ? 

\Vhere is France ? 

Tiiru to the Map i>f Xortli AiiirHnr mul lliul Nova Scotia 

Where is i lalifax ? 

TiiDi to tin- Map of the United States. 

\\'hLre is New York ? Charleston ? 

Where is Long Island ? 

^V'^here is the Hudson River ? 

What direction is the Delaware from the lower part of the 
Hudson Ri\er ? 

What Stale would be crossed in going from tlie Hudson to 
the Delaware ? 

T//r>7 to the Map of the Middle States. 

^V'here is Trenton ? Princeton ? 

NV'here is Philadelphia ? 

How would you go by water from New York to Philadelphia 'i 

CHAPTER XXXIT. 
The War for Independence. 

r. The war in which the Patriots were no^v enoraored 
is known in United States history as The Re\'olutio\. 
It lasted seven years. Many battles were fought. War 
is very expensive to carry on. Soldiers must be fed, 
clothed, and paid. The Patriots were poor, and often 
went without pay. 

3. Many times thev suffered for food and clothing. 
In winter they were often without shoes. But they 



122 



Period of Revolution. 



were brave and earnest men, and loved their country. 
Several times did the British try to buy them over with- 
out success. 

3. Many people in Europe felt great admiration for 
the Patriots. It took much courage to oppose so great 
and strong a nation as Great Britain. A number of 

foreigners came over 
to help the Ameri- 
cans. The most 
famous were Lafay- 
ette, Steuben, De 
Kalb, Pulaski, and 
Kosciusko. 

4. De Kalb a n d 
Pulaski were killed 
during the war. Kos- 
ciusko returned to his 
own country after the 
struggle was over, and 
fought bravely for the 
liberty of his own 
people. Steuben had 
learned a great deal 
about armies in Euro- 
pean wars. He was 
of great help in drilling and training the Americans. 

5. Lafayette was a brave young Frenchman. In his 
own country he was a nobleman of wealth. He came 
over, and shared the hardships of the Americans. He 
and Washington soon became warm friends. 




The War of Independence. 



123 



6. After the colonists had fought for about three 
years, a treaty was made with France. In this treaty 
France agreed to help the Americans, and sent over 
both men and ammunition for that purpose. This treaty 
was brought about by Benjamin Franki.in, who was 
one of the greatest and wisest Americans that ever lived. 

7. The principal British gen- 
erals who took part in the Revo- 
lution were Howe, Clinton, 
Burgoyne, and Cornwallis. 
The principal generals of the 
Americans were Washington, 
Green, Gates, Arnold, Lin- 
coln, and Morgan. Besides 
these, Putnam, Schuyler, 
Marion, Lee, Sumter, and 
Pickens were American gen- 
erals who also became famous. 

8. Washington and Greene 
proved themselves great before the war was over. They 
were not always victorious, however. Often were they 
forced to retreat. But they managed with such prudence 
that their little armies were never destroyed or captured 
by the larger forces of the enemy. 

9. It was not long after the war commenced that a 
man named Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, intro- 
duced a resolution into Congress " that these United 
Colonies are, and of right, ought to be free and inde- 
pendent states." A Declaration of Independence 
was then adopted and signed. This Declaration was 
written by another Virginian named Thomas Jefferson. 





^^^^^^^^^^ 



-<yetrry,^'(/^ 



















SIGNERS OF THE 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Washington. 125 

10. July 4, 1776, was the day upon which this De- 
claration was adopted. It was good news to the people. 
The old bell that hung in the steeple of the house in 
which Congress met, rang out the glad tidings. This 
bell has ever since been known as the Liberty Bell. 
Let us now learn of some of the battles of the Revolu- 
tion. 

QUESTIONS. 

How long did the Revolution last ? Why is war expensive ? 
How did the patriots suffer ? Why did they bear this suffering ? 
What did the British try to do ? Wliy did many Europeans ad- 
mire the Americans ? Name five Europeans that fought for 
American liberty. What became of De Kalb and Pulaski .' How 
did Steuben help the patriots > What became of Kosciusko ? 
Who was Lafayette ? What European nation assisted the Amer- 
icans .? What great American helped to make a treaty with 
France ? Name four British generals. Name the six principal 
American generals. What other American generals took part 
in the war ? Who were the greatest of the American generals ? 
What resolution did Richard Henry Lee introduce into Con- 
gress ? Who wrote the Declaration of Independence ? When 
was it adopted ? Why is the Liberty Bell famous .'' 

CHAPTER XXXIIL 
Washington. 

1. When the British were driven out of Boston by 
Washington, they went to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Two 
expeditions were soon planned. One of these was to 
Charleston, South Carolina, and the other to New 
York. 

2. The one that was sent to Charleston did not suc- 
ceed. A fort had been built upon an island at the en- 



126 



Period of Revolution. 



trance of Charleston Harbor. This fort was built by 
Colonel Moultrie of logs cut from palmetto trees. 
The British began a bombardment of the fort, and the 
Americans returned the fire. The British soon found 
Moultrie's fort could not be taken, so they sailed for 
New York, to join the other expedition. 

3. It was at the seige of Fort Moultrie that a 
brave sergeant named Jasper made himself famous. 
When a shot 
from the enemy 
cut down the 
flag that had 
been flying over 
the fort, Jasper 
jumped over 




JASPER'S HEROISM. 

the fortifications, seized, and put it in its place again. 
While he was doing this, the bullets flew all around 
him. He showed no fear of them. 

4. When Washington learned where the British in- 
tended to go, he hastened from Boston to defend New 



Wash ill o'ton. 



York. A terrible misfortune here befell him. He had 
stationed a portion of his army under General Putnam 
on Long Island. The British landed a large force, 
and defeated them with great loss. Washington saw that 
he could not hold New York, so he retreated with his 
army up the Hudson River. 

5. General Howe, of the British, followed him. A 
battle was fought at White Plains. The Americans were 
unsuccessful. Washington then retreated into New Jersey. 
After capturing two forts, Fort Washington and Fort 
Lee, the British followed. It was early in December when 
the Americans crossed the Delaware river. Thinking there 
would be no more fighting that winter, the British went into 
winter quarters. 

6. In their retreat across New Jersey, the Patriots had 
gone through much suffering. But Washington was not 
yet willing to rest as the British were doing. Recrossing 
the Delaware, he surprised a body of Hessiams at Tren- 
ton and captured nearly a thousand of them. These Hes- 
sians were soldiers from the little European country of 
Hesse Cassel. They were hired by the British to fight. 

7. The battle of Trenton occurred December zG^ ^^l^- 
Eight days after, another victory was won by the Patriots. 
When the British heard what Washington had done at 
Trenton, a force under Cornwallis hurried to meet him. 
The two armies soon came near each other, and Cornwallis 
thought a battle would be fought. Washington skilfully 
withdrew his army in the night, and marched secretly to 
Princeton. Here he defeated a British foixe that Corn- 
wallis had- left behind under Mawhood. 



128 



Period of RevoluH 



8. Washington was now willing to rest. His army 
spent the winter at Morrtstown, New Jersey. It was at 
this time Lafayette entered the army. Before long, Wash- 
ington was called upon to defend Philadelphia. When 
General Howe, who had sailed from New York, arrived, 
two battles were fought. 

9 These battles were Brandywine and Germantown. 
In l)r)th. tlic .Xmcricaiis were unMiccessful, so the British 




CAPTAIN MOLLY. 



took possession of Philadelphia. Washington's ragged, 
suffering soldiers spent the winter of 1777-8 at Valley 
Forge, Pennsylvania. It was here that Steuben joined 
the army, and began training and drilling the men. 



Wash ington . 129 

:o. In the year 1778, the Treaty with France was made. 
As a French fleet was expected in the Delaware, the British 
left Philadelphia and marched across New Jersey to New 
York. Washington followed them, and the battle of Mon- 
mouth was fought. In this battle the Americans were 
victorious. The British lost two thousand men in their 
march across New Jersey. 

r I . Moi.LV Pitcher was the wife of a Patriot cannoneer 
who fought in this battle. She was conveying water to him 
when he fell. With great bravery she took her husband's 
place at the cannon and remained until the battle was over. 
Her bravery won for her the title of Captain Molly. 

QUESTIONS. 

Where did the British go from Boston ? What expeditions did 
tliey make ? Which was unsuccessful ? Why did it not succeed ? 
Who commanded Fort Moultrie ? How did Sergeant Jasper distin- 
guish himself .'' Who attempted to defend New York 'i What mis- 
fortune hefel him "i Where did Washington retreat from New 
York ? What battle was fought } Who was victorious ? What 
two forts were then taken by the British ? Into what State did 
Washington then retreat .'' What general followed him ? What 
river did the Americans reach and cross .'' What victory did they 
win when they recrossed this river "i What victory was won eight 
days after .-' Who were the Hessians ? Where did Washington 
spend the rest of the winter } Where did he spend the winter of 
1777 S "i What two battles did he lose before camping at Valley 
Forge .'' Where did Lafayette join the army ? Steuben ? Why 
did the British leave Philadelphia ? What battle took place on 
their retreat to New York ? What woman showed great bravery in 
this battle ? 



I30 



Period of Revolution. 



&EDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXXIV. 

Turn to the Map of the Middle States. 

In what part of New York is Saratoga ? 

Where is Bennington ? 

In what direction would you go from Canada to Saratoga ? 

Tuyn to tlie Map of ttie Southerit States. 

Where is Savannah ? Charleston ? 

Where is Camden ? 



I. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

Gates and Lincoln. 

While Washington was so bravely defending Phil- 
adelphia, a British army 
under Burgovne marched 
down from Canada through 
the State of New York. 
This army consisted of 
8000 men, half ot whom 
were Hessians. 

2. A part of this army 
under Colonel Baum was 
sent to Bennington, Ver- 
mont, to capture some 
stores and supplies there. 
Baum and his men were 
defeated by some Green 
Mountain Boys under Col- 
onel Stark. 

3. An American army 
was soon collected to op- 




THE OUTPOST. 



Gates and Lincoln. 



131 



pose Burgoyne. At first this army was under the com- 
mand of General Schuyler, who made all the prepara- 
tions and plans of the battle that soon took place. Just 
as everything was ready, Congress put General Gates 
in command. 

4. Two battles were fought. These battles are 
known as the battles of Saratoga, or Stillwater. In 
both, the Americans were victorious. Burgoyne was 
compelled to surrender with his whole army. 

5. General Gates deserved little credit for winning 
these battles. It was throup-h the efforts of his officers 




that the Americans were successful. Lincoln, Morgan, 
and Arnold were generals under Gates in this battle. 
It was chiefly through the bravery of Arnold that the 
second battle was won. 



Period of Revolutioti . 



6. When the news of Burgoyne's surrender was 
heard, it filled the Americans with joy. The victory of 
the Americans encouraged France to make the treaty 
with them. Many thought Gates to be a great general 
to wm such battles. Some even spoke of putting him 
in Washington's place. This would have been very 
unfortunate, for he was a man of little ability. 

7. The battles of Stillwater occurred in the latter 
part ot the year 1777. After this battle the war was 
transferred to the south. The British took possession of 
Savannah m 1778, and sent armies to overrun the states 
of South and North Carolina. They were assisted by 
many Tories. 

8. At first, Lincoln was put in command of the 
Patriot army in the south. He was a brave general, but 
very unfortunate. He was defeated at the battle of 
Stono Ferry in 1779. He then tried to drive the 
British out of Savannah, but was defeated with a 
loss of 1 100 men. This was the battle in which the 
brave Pulaski fell. 

9. The next year he was surrounded at Charleston, 
South Carolina, and was compelled to surrender. Con- 
gress then sent Gates to take command in the south. 
Lord Cornwallis met and defeated him at Camden. 
This was the ruin of his reputation as a general. De 
Kai.b was killed at the battle of Camden. 

10. General Greene was next sent to take command. 
He was opposed by some of the best officers that the 
British had. You will learn how well he fought for 
the cause of libertv in the south. 



Greene. ^ 33 

QUESTIONS. 

•What British general started south from Canada ? H"^^' J^'^'"'-; 
,nen had he ? ^ Whom did he send to Bennington ? Why . 
Who defeated Baum ? Who organized an army to meet Bu. - 
!Iyne? Who was put in place of Schuyler? What generals 
tve e under Gates ? How many battles were fought at Stdlwater 
What was the result of these battles? To whom .s credit 
due for winning these battles? Where ^^-^J^' ^^^^^^^^^ 
after the battle of Stillwater? When did the Bn i h take 
Savannah? .Who tried to drive them out ? What mrstortunes 
befell Lincoln ? Who was put in command of f ^atnot orces 
in the south after Lincoln's capture? What defeat did he 
luffer ? Who was then put in command ? At what battle was 
Pulaski killed ? De Kalb ? 



EEDGRAPHY QUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXXV. 

Turn to the Map of North and South Carolina. 

In what part of South Carolina is Camden ? 

Where is Cowpens ? 

In what part of North Carolina is Greensboro ? 

What direction is Yorktown, Virginia, from Greensboro ? 

What direction from Greensboro is Camden r 

CHAPTER XXXV. 

Greene. 

I After defeating Lincoln and Gates, the British 

soon overran South Carolina. They were jomed In 

many Tories, and great cruelty was practiced towards 

whatever patriots could be found. 

. Many patriots escaped to the woods and swamps, 
and formed themselves into little partisan bands under 



•34 



Period of Revolution. 



brave and daring leaders. Sumter, Marion, Lee, and 
Pickens were the most famous of these leaders. 

3. These 
Partisans 
often attacked 
and captured 
bands of Tories 
and detach- 
ments of British 
soldiers. Al- 
though they 
were not strong 
enough to op- 
pose a whole 
army, they won 
some very im- 
portant victo- 
ries. One of 
these victories 
was won Au- 
gust 6th, 17S0, 
at Hanging 
Rock ; another, October 7th, following, at King's 
Mountain. 

4. General Greene was sent to take command in the 
south shortly after these two battles were fought. A 
small army was collected, but the men were ill-clad and 
poorly equipped. When the British advanced to meet 
him, Greene sent a part of his army under General 
Morgan to take up a position at Cowpens. 




Greene. 135 

5. In January, 1781, Morgan was attacked by a force 
under Takleton. The leader of the British was a man 
of cruel disposition. He had already won a number of 
victories in South Carolina, but he met his match at 
Cowpens, for Morgan defeated him with the loss of 800 
men. The loss of the Americans in this battle was 
only So. 

6. Cornwallis advanced upon Greene with his whole 
army, but the Americans retreated. The retreat was 
managed so skilfully that the little patriot army was kept 
well together without being overtaken. Cornwallis fol- 
lowed the Americans into North Carolina, and when his 
men were almost worn out with their long march, 
Greene, whose army had been strengthened, turned and 
faced him at Guilford Court House, now known as 
Greensboro. 

7. A battle followed. The British were victorious, 
but their loss was greater than that of the Americans. 
Cornwallis thought it best not to follow Greene again, 
so he went on his way and soon reached Virginia. 
Greene turned and went back to vSouth Carolina. 

8. At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, the Ameri- 
cans were attacked and defeated by Lord Rawdon. 
But it was the same as at Guilford Court House. The 
British lost so heavily that they paid very dearly for 
their victory. About this time, Greene was advised to 
give up and retire to Virginia, but he declared that 
he would recover South Carolina or die in the attempt. 

9. September 8th, 17S1, the hardest fought battle of 
the war was won by him. This was -the battle of 



136 Period of Revolution. 

EuTAW Springs, S. C. Greene's success compelled the 
British to retreat to Charleston, and the Americans 
were left in possesion of the State. 

QUESTIONS. 

What state did the British overrun after defeating Lincolii 
and Gates ? Where was Lincoln defeated ? Gates ? How were 
the Patriots treated by the British and Tories ? Who were the 
Partisans ? Name the most famous of the Partisan Leaders ? 
What two victories were won by tlie Partisans ? When ? What 
general was sent south to take command ? What did he do 
when the British advanced ? Who attacked Morgan at Cowpens ? 
When ? Who won the victory at Cowpens ? After this bat- 
tle how was the retreat of (rreene's army conducted ? What 
battle was fought between Greene and Cornwallis ? What was the 
result ? Where did Cornwallis go after this battle ? Greene ? 
Wtiat battle was fought in South Carolina between Greene and 
Rawdon ? What was the result ? What was Greene advised to 
do after this battle ? What did he declare in reply ? How did 
he succeed in recovering South Carolina ? What battle gave 
South Carolina to the Americans ? When was this battle 
fought ? What is said of this battle ? 



GEDGRilPHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXXVI. 

Turn to the Map of New Eng-land. 

In what part of Connecticut is New London ? 

How would an army march from New York to New T^ondon ? 

Turn to the Map of the Middle States. 

In what part of New York is West Point ? 

Upon what river is Yorktown ? 

How would an army go from New York to Yorktown ? 



The Last Battle of the War. 137 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 
The Last Battle of the War. 



1. About the time that the battle of Cowpens was 
fought, a British force sailed up the James river, and 
overran the eastern part of Virginia. This force was 
under the command of Arnold, the general that had 
fought so bravely for the Americans at Stillwater. 

2. It was a sad blow to the Patriots when he became 
a traitor to his country and went over to the British. 
VV^hile in command at Philadelphia, he had taken money 
belonging to the government. He was reprimanded for 
this, btit Washington still felt so much confidence in 
him as a soldier that he was given the important 
]:)Ost at West Point, on the Hudson River. No sooner 
was Arnold in command than, in revenge, he determined 
to sell out to the British. 

3. The British agreed to give him a large sum ol 
money and a position in their army if he would surren- 
der West Point to them. A young British officer, named 
Major John Andre, was sent to arrange the matter 
with him. 

4. As Andre was returning, he was stopped by three 
Patriots. They looked upon him with suspicion. He 
was searched, and the papers that Arnold had given him 
found. They immediately arrested him as a sp}'. He 
offered them money to let him go, but they would not 
be bribed. The names of Andre's captors were John 
Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wert. 



138 



Period of Rcvolutioti. 




5. Poor 
Andre was 
tried and 
hanged. Ar- 
nold escaped 
to the British 

CAPTURE OF ANDF<E. Ji n d W 3 S 

given the position promised him. He was despised 
however by all, for no one can respect a traitor. Often 
did he regret the step he had taken. It would have 
been better had he died upon the field of Saratoga, for 
then he was loved and honored. 

6. Arnold, with a British force first laid waste Con- 
necticut. The town of New London was burned and 
the people treated with great cruelty. It was then that 
he went to Virginia, where he was soon joined by Gen- 
eral Phillips and 2500 men. 

7. Many of the Virginia patriots were in North Car- 
olina with Greene. So Washington sent Lafayette from 
the North with 1200 men to check the British. About 



The Last Battle of the War, 130 



this time Cornwallis arrived from North Carolina with 
his army, and took command of the British forces. 

S, Cornwallis took up a position at Yorktown, and 
waited for General Clinton to send him reinforcements 
from New York. But Clinton was in fear of being 
attacked by Washington, so no reinforcements were 
sent. Washington left a small force to pretend that an 
attack was to be made, and with the rest of his army 
hastened to the assistance of Lafayette. 

9. Cornwallis was surrounded at Yorktown. A 
French fleet sailed up the river upon which Yorktown 
is built, and cut off his retreat by sea. Washington 
ojDened fire with his cannon upon the fortifications of 
the British, and the French and American soldiers drew 
their lines closer and closer around them. 

10. After waiting in vain for help from Clinton, 
Cornwallis surrendered. His whole army, numbering 
7000 men, laid down their arms. The news was 
received throughout the land with great joy. In Phila- 
delphia the Liberty Bell was rung. Everybody felt that 
the war was at an end. Cornwallis surrendered, Octo- 
ber 19th, 1781. The treaty of peace between England 
and America was signed, September 3d, 17S3. The 
colonies were at last free and independent. 



140 Period of Revolution. 



QUESTIONS. 

Wiio overran Viiginiu about the time the battle of Cowpens 
was fought ? How had Washington shown his confidence in 
Arnold ? What did Arnold decide to do ? What bribe did the 
British agree to give him ? Who was sent to complete arrange- 
ments with Arnold ? What happened to Andre upon his 
return ? Who were the three captors of Andre ? How was 
Arnold regarded by both British and, Americans ? What town 
did Arnold burn ? Who joined him in Virginia ? Who finally 
arrived from North Carolina and took command of the British ? 
Whom had Washington sent from the North to protect Vir- 
ginia ? What British general was stationed at New York ? 
Where did Cornwallis take up his position ? Who hastened to 
the assistance of Lafayette ? How was the retreat of Corn- 
wallis by sea cut off ? Why did not Clinton send reinforce- 
ments to Yorktown ? When did Cornwallis surrender ? How 
many men laid down then- arms ? When was the treaty of 
peace signed ? What did the united colonies gain by the war 
of the revolution ? 



Reviczv Outline. 



141 



(^Y«-i?/^-?*«j c/^ iAe ^^>^e^ti€u.tt€yyi, . 



The 
Revolution. 



Baltles, 



Genet: 



( ibbo, Nai'igation Act. 
I 17O4, Trade Acts. 
I lyt)^. Stamp Act. 
{ i7i>T, Tea Tax. 

'7^8, .Soldiers sent. 

/77J, Boston Tea Party. 
\ 17741 first Continental Congress. 



f 



American 
Victories. 



British 

Victories 



Jtritish. 



American. 



f , . \ Fort Moultrie. 

I ^^770 , Trenton. 
\ ( Princeton. 

'777 \ Bennington. 
1 ( Stillwater. 

•( 1778, Monmouth . 

I ' t King s Mountain. 

SCoivpens. 
Eiitavj Springs. 
Vorktown. 



( 1775 
I '776 

; '777 



Bniil-er Hill. 
LoNg Is/and. 
White Plains. 
Brandywine. 
Germantov n. 
\ Stono Ferry. 
''^ \ Saz'annali.' 
g \ Charleston. 
' ( Camden. 

c, S Guilford Courthouse. 
''^' \ Iloblurk's Hill. 




143 Period of Revolution. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS, 

Who discovered Florida ? 

Who named Louisiana ? 

What two nations quarrelled over the Northwest Territory ? 

What was this war called ? 

Name some of the English generals of this war. French. 

Name some of the English victories. French. 

After this war how far west did the English colonies extend .' 
South ? 

What unjust laws were made for the colonies by England .^ 

W^hat were the causes of the Revolution ? 

Name five American victories in this war. Five British. 

Name five American generals. Five British. 

Name two battles in which Washington fought. Greene. 
Cornwallis. Lincoln. Arnold. Burgoyne. Gates. Morgan. 

Who were the Partisans 'i 

Who was Sergeant Jasper 't Molly Pitcher : 

How long did the Revolution last ? 

When did it begin ? 

When did it end ': 

What was the first battle .' Last battle .' Hardest fought 
battle? 

Write what you know of George AVashiiigtoii. 

Write what you know of Grcueral Greene. 

Write what you knoAV of General Arnold. 

Write what you know of the Boston Tea Party. 

Write what you know of Sergeant Jasper. 

Write what you know of Molly Pitcher. 

Write the Black-hoard Form for causes of the 
Revolution. 

Write the Black-hoard Form for the hattles of the 
Revolution. 

Write the Black-hoard Form for the generals of 
the Kevolvition. 



Geography ^uestiotis. i j^ 



Lak 



I'RKLIVIIVARV TO fllAPTKK XX.X\II. 

Turn to tlir M,t/> of the United States. 

Wliere is Annapolis ? 

Where is Philadeiphiu ? 

In what part of Massaciuisetls is Worcester ? 

Name all the States between the Ohio River and the great 




FIFTH PERIOD. 



iiiyLFtrtDfcllCfc • 



A 






CHAPTER XXXVII. 

The Union of States. '^^ 

1. The colonies had united fiuliv 
for the pmpose of resisting 

England. Now that the war was at an end, the union no 
longer existed. Each colony, or state, as it came to be 
called, was under its own independent government. It 
began to look as if there were to be thirteen little 
republics in Amei'ica, instead of the large one that we 
have now. 

2. Wise men thought it best to form another union, 
as many disagreements were about to arise. There was 
a large debt to be paid, and it was going to be a hard 
matter for the separate states to decide how it was to 
be done. At one time Massachusetts levied taxes to 



The Union of States. 14:^ 



pay her share. As many objected to paying these taxes 
courts and officers were called upon to enforce the pay- 
ment. Lookhig upon these courts and officers as instru- 
ments of tyranny, two thousand men under Daniel Shavs 
rebelled. The town of Worcester was seized. It was 
only after a superior force under General Lincoln was 
sent that Shays' Rebellion' was put down. 

3. Virginia took the lead toward the formation of a 
union. At her invitation delegates from five states met 
at Ax.NAPOLis. This was in 17S6. The next year twelve 
states sent representatives to Philadelphia. These dele- 
gates assembled in a convention, presided over by Wash- 
ington. 

^^. It was decided to form a union of states, and an 
agreement, or Constitution, was drawn up. This agree- 
ment was to go into effect as soon as it had been signed 
by nine states. 

5. In drawing up this agreement, it was hard to sat- 
isfy all. Some of the states distrusted the others, and 
the smaller were afraid of the larger. The privileges of 
independence and . self-government had been bravely 
foug! t for. and many thought that the general govern- 
ment would have too much power and would deprive 
them of some of their hard-earned rights. 

6. So it was agreed that each state should have its own 
government and make its own laws, while the general 
government would provide for the welfare of the whole 
country. Every state, whether large or small, was to be 
represented by two Senatohs, while the people of the 
whole thirteen vsould be represented by Representa- 
tives. 



146 



Period of It/dependence. 




MOXINC; 10 Jllh NOKTHWliai 1 fc.l< KITOK'i . 

7. These Senators and Representatives would consti- 
tute a Congress, which was to be the law-making, or 
Legisi>ative, department of the government. There was 
to be a President, or Executive, to execute the laws ; 
and a third department, to be known as the Judicial, 



The U?iion of States. 147 

presided over by wise and learned men, who w^ere to be 
called Judges of the Supreme Court. 

S. The Constitution was accepted by eleven states, 
before the election for president took place, which was 
in 1789, and by the remaining two soon after. George 
Washington was elected the first president, and the 
government known as the United States of America 
came into existence. 

9. The United States of those days only extended to 
the Mississippi River on the west and to Florida on the 
south. Virginia had ceded to the United States all the' 
territory lying north of the Ohio River, for which she 
had fought so bravely in the French and Indian War. 
This waS called the Northwest Territory. An 
ordinance for the regulation and government of this 
territory was drawn up and passed. It is known as the 
Ordinance of 1787. 



QUESTIONS. 

Why did the Colonies unite during the Revolution ? After 
this war what was thought best to be done ? Why ? What re- 
bellion took place in Massachusetts ? Who put down this rebel- 
lion ? What state took the lead toward the formation of a 
union ? Where did delegates first meet ? When ? How many 
states were represented ? When did the next convention assem- 
ble ? Where ? How many states were here represented ? Who 
presided over this convention ? What did the convention agree 
upon ? Why was it hard to agree upon a constitution ? Why 
did many object to a strong central government ? In the pro- 
posed form of government how were the states to be represent- 



148 Period of Iinicpcndcnce. 

ed ? The people ? Who were to make the laws ? Who was to 
execute them ? Who were to preside over the third department 
of the government ? What was this department to be called ? 
How many states first signed the Constitution ? How many did 
it require to cause the Constitution to go into effect ? What 
government came into existence with the adoption of the Con- 
stitution ? Who was elected the first president ? What was the 
extent of the United States when the Constitution was adopted ? 
What was the Ordinance of 17S7 ? 



GEDGRAPHT gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

Turn to the Map of the United States. 

Where is New York? Philadelphia? Washington? 

What state west of Virginia ? 

What state west of North Carolina ? 

What state west of Pennsylvania ? 

What state west ot Ohio ? 

What states border on the west bank of the Mississippi 
River ? 

Where is Vermont ? Indiana ? 

In what part of Idaho is the Lewis River ? 

In what part of Washington Territory is the Clark River ? 

Turn to the Alap of Africa . 

What sea between Africa and Europe ? 

Through what straits would a vessel sail to reach this sea 
from the Atlantic Ocean ? 

In what part of Africa is Tripoli ? 



The First Fot<y Prcsiiititis 




GEORGE WASHINGTON 

CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

The First Four Presidents. 



I. The first four presidents of the United States were 
George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jeffer- 
son, and James Madison. Washington, Jefferson, and 



»5^ 



Period of Independence. 



Madison were from Virginia and served each two terms, 
or eight years. Adams was from Massachusetts and 
served one term. 

2. Washington was niaugurated, April 30tl), 17S9, at 
New York. The next year the seat of government was 
changed to Philadelphia. During the eight years he 
was president, many difficulties had to be met and over- 
come. The new government had trouble with England, 
with France, and with the Indians of the Northwest Ter- 
ritory, 

3. It even had trouble with its own citizens, for 
when a tax was levied upon Whiskey for the purpose 
of raising money to pay off the debt caused by the 
war, the people of Western Pennsylvania objected, and 
rose in open Rebellion. A military force subdued them. 

4. Through all these difficulties Washington acted 
with such prudence and managed the affairs of the gov- 
ernment with so much wisdom that he became known 

as a great Statesman as well as 
a great genei"al. He stood first in 
both war and peace, and when, at 
Mount Vernon, he died, Decem- 
ber 14, 1799, he was first in the 
hearts of his countrymen. 

5. The second president, John 
Adams, was inaugurated in i797- 
During his administration troubles 
again arose with France, and for 
a time it seemed as if there would be war, but a treaty 
was finally made. At this time there were two poli- 
tical parties in the United States. 




JOHN ADAMS. 



*T]ic Pirst Poitr Presidents. 



15^ 




6. One of these, called the Federalist, thought the 
government did not h:i\e enough power and wanted it 
made stronger ; the other, which was then known as the 
Republican, thought that if the government were given 
more power its strength could be 
used in taking away the rights of 
the states. 

7. Some verv unpopular laws 
were made while Adams was presi- 
dent. When his first term expired, 
he was not reelected. Thomas 
Jefferson, the great leader of the 
party opposed to the Federalists, was 
his successor. Jefferson was in- 
augurated in iSoi at Washington, which had been made 
the Capital of the United States the year previous. 

8. The two important events of Jefferson's adminis- 
tration were the War with Tripoli and the Purchase 
OF Louis L\NA. The Tripolitans were pirates and often 
seized American vessels in the AlediteiTanean Sea. Com- 
modore Preble with a fleet was sent against them, and 
they were compelled to give up many Americans that 
had been taken prisoners. 

9. In this war a young naval lieutenant named De- 
catur distinguished himself by boai'ding a large frigate 
called the Philadelphia, that the Tripolitans had cap- 
tured. Setting fire to it so that it could not be used, 
he escaped unhurt, notwithstanding the Philadelphia was 
well guarded. 

10. Louisiana was purchasea from the French for 
about $15,000,000. Fi'ance had obtained it from Spain, 



xr;;':::sKFSSlSSS^ 




BURNING OF THE PHILADELPHIA. 



TJic First roitr Presidents 



'DO 



and it was in 1S03 that it \v:is houo^ht bv the Unl:ed 
States through Moxroe and Lix'inostone. the two com- 
missioners appointed bv jctferson. The territory pur- 
chased was not tliat now known as Louisiana, but was 
all that region west of the Mississipj^i River extending 
to tlie Pacific Ocean, with the exception of what is 
now Texas. New IMexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and 
Cabfornia, and a part of Colorado, Kansas, and Wy- 
oming. In 1804, an exploring expedition under Lewis 
and Ceark went over this territon 
to the Pacific Ocean. 

II. The fourth president. James ^^^ 
A'ladison, was inaugurated in 1S09 ^, 
All these years the United States ^. 




h:id been growing and increasing in 
piipulation. It was not long aftei 
the close of the Revohition that the 
rich lands west ot the Alleghany 

. • it J. 1 iil J JAMES MADISON. 

niountanis attracted settlers, and ■' 

as the territory began to fill up, new States were formed, 
and admitted into the Union. Vermont, Kentucky, and 
Tennessee were admitted while Washington was presi- 
dent, and Ohio during Jefferson's administration. 

12. A part ot the Louisiana purchase, th' n known as 
the Territory of Orleans, was cut off from the rest, 
and formed into the state now called Louisiana. Lou- 
isiana and Indiana were admitted while Madison was 
president. It was during INTadison's administration that a 
second war with Great Britain arose. This war is 
known as the War of 1S12. 



^S4 



Period of Independence. 



BLACK-HDARD FDRM, 



-lt-'ri.wu^ 



H 






\\ as/iiiiirtott. 



.^ : Adams. 



yefferson. 



Madison. 



1791^ 
1792, 

n94\ 

i7g6, 

1797, 
n99^ 
1800, 



InaucTKration. 

Vermont admitted. 
Kejitnckv adtnitted. 
India /I Troubles. 

Whiskey Rebe//ion. 
Tennessee adrintted. 

Inatigu ration . 
Death of Washington. 
Washington made Capital. 

Inauguration. 

Tripolitan War. 

Ohio admitted. 

Louisiana purchased. 

Lewis and Clark Expedition. 



1 1801 1 

■j 1802, 
1 1803, 
\1804, 

I i8og, 1 7taugu ration. 

j rs \ War zvith Great Britai)/. 

j ) Louisiana adtnitted. 

18 j6. Indiana adtnitted. 



Questions. 15^ 



QUEST ONS. 

Who was the first president of the United States ? Second ? 
Tiiird ? Fourth ? What tliree of tliese four were from Virginia? 
How long did each serve ? From wliat state was Adams ? 
When was Washington inaugurated ? Where ? What troubles 
had the new government ? What was the Whiskey Rebellion ? 
How did Washington manage the affairs of the government ? 
Where did he die ? When ? When was Adams inaugurated ? 
What two political parties arose about this time ? Which be- 
lieved in giving the general government more power ? What 
did the other believe ? Who was the great leader of the Repub- 
licans ? What laws were made during Adams' administra- 
tion ? Who was his successoi ? When was Jefferson inaugu- 
rated ? Where ? When was Washington made tlie capital of 
ihe United States ? What were the two principal cNents of Jef- 
ferson's administiation ? What commodore was sent to punish 
the Tripolitans ? Why were they to be punished ? What lieu- 
tenant distinguished himself in the war with Tripoli '' How ? 
From whom v/as Louisiana purchased ? What was the price ? 
What Americans negotiated the sale ? Who explored the terri- 
tory ? When? What was the extent of the territory purchased? 
Who was the fourth president ? When inaugurated ? What 
three new states were admitted while Washington was president? 
What state entered the union during Jefferson's administiationr 
What two during Madison's ? What war arose during Madison's 
administration ? 

Write the Black-board form for Wasbiiigton's 
Adiuiiiistration. Adams. Jefferson's. Madison's. 



1x6 Period of Indcpoidencc. 



GEnG-RAPHY gUESTIDlMS, 

n^ELIMINARV TO CHAPTEIi XXXIX. 

What ocean between the United States ami England ? 
Wliere is Indiana ? 
What State north ot Indiana ? 
Where is Detroit ? 

Wliat river between the western part of New York and 
Canada ? 

CHAPTER XXXIX. 

The War of 1812. 

1. The Iiulians of the Nortlnvest Territory g'ave the 
early settlers much trouble, ^riuy were often encour- 
aged in this bv the English in Canada, who supplied 
them with arms a;;d amniunition. This was one way 
in which the English showed ill \vill toward the United 
States. 

2. This ill will was shown in another way. American 
vessels at sea were often stopped by the war-ships of 
Enofland. English officers would then board these ves- 
sels, and pick out the best sailors, pretending they 
were Englishmen. These sailors would be carried ofi 
and forced to work in the English navy. 

:^. In this wav more than six thousand American 
sailors were impressed into English service within a 
space of tei\ years. The United States bore these out- 
rages very patientlv, but a time came when they could 
be borne no longer. 

4. The first thing to be done was to punish the 
Indians. These Indians were led bv a verv famous 



The War of i8i2. 




IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SAII.OKS. 



chief, named Tecu.mseh. General Harrison, who was 
then governor of thai portion of the Northwest Terri- 
tory now known as Indiana, took command of an 
army, and in iSii defeated the Indians under a brother 
of Tecumseh, called the Prophet, at the great battle of 
Tippecanoe. June i8th of the next year, war was 
declared against England. 

5. This war lasted two years and eight months. 
Many of the battles were fought on sea. England had 
long been known as the greatest naval power of the 
world, but American ships and American sailors won 
many glorious victories over her before the war came 
to a close. 

6. Most of the land battles took place upon the 
Canadian frontier. The principal American generals 



15S Period of Independence. 



were Harrison, Brown, Scott, and Jackson. Among 
the generals of the British were Brock, Proctor, 
Ross, and Pakexham. 

7- The war had hardly begun before the Americans 
met with two sad re\ erses. It had been determined 
to invade Canada from different points. General Hull 
was to cross the Detroit River, and General Van 
Rensselaer the Niagara. 

S. Hull led his men a short distance into Canada, 
but soon fell back to Detroit. An English force 
under Brock appeared. The Americans were ready 
and eager to fight, but Hull became frightened and 
cowardly siu'rendered before a shot was fired. 

9. Van Rensselaer crossed the Niagara River with 
a part of his army, leaving the rest on the New York 
side. He met the British at Queenstown. The 
An ericans were having every advantage, and leaving 
Scott in command, Van Rensselaer hastened to cross 
the rest of his army. It was the men and not the 
general this time that refused to figlit, for the soldiers 
declined crossing the river, and would not go to the 
help of their comrades. Scott and his men were at 
last forced to surrender. General Brock of the British, 
was killed during the battle. 

QUESTIONS, 

Who encouraged the Indians of the Northwest Territory to 
trouble the settlers ? How else was the ill will of England 
shown .' How many American sailors were forced into English 
service .'' How did the United States bear these outrages ? 
What famous chief led the Indians of the northwest .'' What 



Land Battles. i^p 



was his brother called ? What general . defeated the Prophet ? 
Where was the battle fought ? When ? When was war declared 
against England ? How long did it last ? Where did many of 
the battles take place ? Who were the principal American 
generals ? British ? What did the Americans decide to do 
when the war began ? Who crossed from Detroit ? Who from 
New York ? What became of Hull ? What happened a 
Queenstown ? 



GEDGRAPHY QUESTIDNS, 

TREHMIXARY TO CHAPTERS XL AND XLI. 

What lake is northeast of New York ? 

Where is the Niagara River ? 

In what part of Canada is Toronto ? 

In what part of Ohio is Sandusky ? 

In what part of Canada is the Thames River ? 

In what part of New York is Plattsburg ? 

In what part of the United States is Washington ? 

How would you go by water from Washington to Baltimore! 

In what part of South America is the city of Valparaiso ? 



CHAPTER XL. 

Land Battles. 

I. The second year of the war the Americans had 
three armies in the field. One was stationed in north- 
eastern New York, near Lake Champlain, another upon 
the Niagara frontier, and the third on the west shore 
of Lake Erie. This last one was under the command of 
General Harrison. 



i6o Period of Independence. 



z. In the early part of the year the town now 
called Toronto, Canada, was captured by the Americans 
under the brave General Pike. Pike was mortally 
wounded by an explosion just as the victory was being 
won. 

3. Most of the fighting was in the west this year. 
Tecumseh and his Indians had joined the English, and 
General Proctor had taken Brock's place. Proctor first 
surprised a body of Americans under Winchester at 
Frexchtown, in the southeastern part of Michigan. 
Many of Winchester's men were murdered by the Indians 
of Proctor's army after surrendering and laying down 
their arms. 

4. Proctor then advanced into the northwestern part 
of Ohio. He attempted to capture Fort Meigs, on 
the Maumee River, but was defeated by General Harri- 
son. Then he tried to take Fort Stephenson, on the 
Sandusky River. There were only 150 men in this foit, 
and the commandant. Major Croghan, was only a 
youth of twenty-one, but he made one of the pluckiest 
defences of the whole war, and handled the one cannon 
and the few men he had with such skill that the enemy 
withdrew after losing 150 men. 

5 Proctor was followed into Canada by Harrison, 
and a great battle near the Thames River was fought.' 
The English and Indians were defeated with great loss. 
Tecumseh himself was killed in this battle. 

6. In 18 14, a number of battles were fought on the 
Niagara frontier. The two most important of these 
were the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. 



Laiid Battles. 



l6i 




croohan's DtjENCt. OP toRr fa^EPHI:^^o^. 



Both were won by the Americans, who were led by- 
Generals Brown, Scott, and Ripley. Drummond was 
the commander of the British. 

7. Toward the end of the year General Prevost 
tried to lead an army over Burgoyne's old route. He 
was defeated by a small American force under General 
Macomb at Plattsburg. 

8. While the American armies were busy at the North, 
an English fleet reached the coast of the United States 
and entered the Potomac River. A force under General 
Ross landed, and took possession of Washington without 
sei ious opposition. After destroying much property and 



1 62 Period of Independence. 



hurning many valuable public buildings, including the 
Capitol, they sailed to Baltimore. 

9. Baltimore was protected by forts, one of which was 
FoKT McHenry. a hot fire was opened by the British 
vessels upon this fort, but the flag that is called the 
Star Spangled Banner in a gieat song, floated proudly 
over the fort through it all. As Fort Moultrie had 
saved Charleston years before in the Revolution, so Fort 
McHenry saved Baltimore. 

QUESTIONS. 

How many armies did the Americans nave the second year of 
the war ? Where were they stationed ? What town in Canada 
was captured by Pike ? What happened to him ? Who joined 
the English in this war ? What misfortune befell the Americans 
at Frenchtown .-' What two forts did Proctor try to take ? Where 
are these forts .!* Who defended Fort Meigs ? Fort Stephenson? 
How many men had Croghan ? How many men did Proctor 
lose in the attack ? Who followed Proctor into Canada ? What 
battle followed ? Who was successful ? Name three battles 
tought in 1S14. Who was successful in these battles ? Name 
the American commanders in each. The public buildings of 
what city were burned b}' the British ? Why was not Baltimore 
captured by them ? 

CHAPTER XLI. 

Naval Battles. 

I. When the war of 1S13 opened, it was hardly 
expected that the United States would be able to 
meet England successfully upon the ocean. The United 
States was then a young nation and had only twenty or 
thirty vessels in its navy, while England had many 
hundred, manned by experienced crews and commanded 



Naval Battles. 163 



by officers skilled and experienced in sea fighting, or 
naval warfare. 

2. But it was to protect the rights of American sea- 
men that the United States engaged in this war. So 
in the naval battles that occurred, every sailor felt that 
he was fighting for himself as well as for his country, 
and the victories of American vessels over British were 
many. 

3. The first naval battle of importance was that 
in which the American frigate Con'stitutiox captured 
the British frigate Guerriere. The Constitution was 
commanded by Captain Isaac Hui>l, a nephew of 
General Hull. There was no cowardice about him, 
however, for he compelled the Guerriere to pull down 
her flag in half an hour after the battle commenced. 

4. Shortly after, Commodore Bainbridge, in this 
same Constitution, captured the frigate Java ; and the 
frigate United States, commanded by Decatur, who 
was now a commodore, captured the Macedonia. 
More than 3000 prisoners were brought into American 
ports before the year closed. 

5. The most important naval victory was won the 
second year of the war. Shortly before the land battle 
of the Thames was fought, Commodore Perry had 
been sent to help General Harrison, as a British fleet 
held possession of Lake Erie. 

6. Perry had to build his own vessels. When they 
were finished, he sailed out to meet the British fleet. 
In two hours the battle was over, and the gallant 
Perry sent his short and famous message, " We have met 
the enemy and they are ours," to General Harrison. 



164 



Period of Indepoidence. 



7. Before the year 18 13 ended, Captain Lawrence, 
in the Hornet, captured tlie British ship Pkacock. 
He tlien took com- 
mand of the frig- 
ate Chesapeake, 
and sailed out of 
Boston Harljor to 
meet the ShannOx. 
In the battle that 
followed, brave 
Lawrence was 
mortally 
woun ded. 
His last 
words as he 
was carried 
below were 
" Don't 
give up 
the ship," 
but the 
ship was 
given up, 
f o r t h e 

Shannon was better prepared for battle than was the 
Chesapeake. 

8. During the year 1S14, American victories were 
won by the Peacock over the Eperviek, and the 
Wasp over the Reindeer. The British succeeded in 
capturing the American vessel Essex, off Valparaiso. 
The Essex fought one of the bravest fights in all naval 




Naval Battles. 



165 



history, but she was at hist forced to surrender, as 
there were two British ships against her. 

9. As Harrison was assisted by Perry, so was Mc- 
Comb assisted at Plattsburg by an American fleet on 
Lake Champlain under Macdoxough. While McComb 
was driving Prevost back, ISIacdonough captured the 
Ensrlish fleet that was under the command of Downie. 



BLACK-HDARi: FORM, 

Constitution over Guerricre. 

" " Java. 

United States " MaccJoi/ia 
Battle of Lake Erie. 
Hornet over Peacock. 
Peacock " Epervier. 
Wasp " Reindeer. 
^Battle of Lake Chamflaiii. 

Shannon over Chesapeake. 



^1 merican Victories. 



British T 'ictoriex. 

I I 

QUESTIONS. ~ 

About how many vessels were in the United States navy at 
\he opening of the war ? What navy had England ? What was 
tlie principal cause of the war ? What did American sailors 



I Capture of the Essex. 



1 66 Period of Independence. 



fight for in this war ? What was the first naval battle of im- 
portance ? Who commanded the Constitution ? What difference 
was there between him and his uncle ? Who commanded the 
Constitution when the Java was captured ? What vessel was 
commanded by Decatur ? What vessel did he capture ? What 
was the most famous naval battle of the war ? Who commanded 
the American fleet ? How long did the battle last ? What 
famous message did Perry send to Harrison ? What victory was 
won by Captain Lawrence ? What misfortune befell him ? 
What were his last words ? What naval victories were won by 
the Americans in 1814 ? By the British? Who was the Perry 
of Lake Champlain ? 

Write the Black-board Form for Naval Victories. 



GEDGRAPHY gUESTIDNS. 

PREI.IMINARY TO CHAPTER XLII. 

In what part of Europe is Belgiimi ? 
In w hat part of Belgium is Ghent r 

In wliat part of the United States is New Orleans ? L'pon 
what river ? 

Where is Mobile ? Pensacola ? 

In what part of Louisiana is Lake Pontchartrain ? 

What lake east of this lake ? 

How would a vessel go from Pensacola to Lake Pontchartrain ? 

CHAPTER XLIL 

The Battle of New Orleans. 

J The treaty of peace that ended the war between 
the United vStates and England was signed at Ghent, 
Belgium, December 24, 18 14. There were neither tele- 




BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 



1 68 Period of I//depc/idc>/cc\ 

graphs nor ocean cables in those days. It took some 
time for news to cross the ocean. Before peace was 
known to have been declared another battle had 
occnrred. 

2. This was the greatest battle of the wai. It is 
known as the Battle of Nkw Orleans, and it was 
fought on the 8th of January, 1815, fifteen days aftei 
the declaration of peace. The leader of the Americans 
was General Andrew Jackson, who had already ren- 
dered his country valuable service. 

3. While the United States was busv fighting Eng- 
land, the Indians that lived in what is now Alabama 
thought it a good time to rise against the whites. Te- 
cumseh had been among them, and had encouraged 
them to do so. The outbreak began in 18 13, and many 
outrages were committed. At Fort Mims, not far 
from Mobile, more than four hundred persons were 
massacred at one time. 

4. Jackson raised a force and marched against them. 
The Indians were defeated with great slaughter at the 
battles of Talladega, Emucfaw, and Horseshoe Bend, 
and were completely conquered. When the Spaniards, 
who then owned Florida, permitted an English force 
to make their headquarters at Pensacola, Jackson 
marched against that place, and compelled the English 
to leave. 

5. It was then that he heard New Orleans was to be 
attacked, so he hurried to the. defence of that city. He 
had only a few men with him, but the Louisianians, 
manv of whom were French, were ready to give him 



BattJe of JVezv Orleans. 169 



every assistance in defending the citv. A number of 
men from Tennessee and Kentucky soon arrived. They 
were fine marksmen and were of great service. 

6. In the southern part, of Louisiana is a bay called 
Barataria. The shores of this bay were inhabited by 
jieojDle engaged in smuggling. As their calling was 
unlawful, they were outlaws and were punished when- 
ever captured. Their leader was a man of great dar- 
ing named Lafitte. When the English prepared to 
attack New Orleans, Lafitte was offered a position in 
their na\'y and a large sum of money if he would join 
them. Instead of doing so, he wrote and offered the 
Americans his services. 

7. Jackson promptlv accepted, and a large force of 
Baratarians joined the American army. For the good 
services they rendered in the battle that followed, the 
United States government afterwards pardoned all who 
would settle down to be law-abiding citizens, which 
many of them did. 

8. Thinking the enemy would 'approach by way of 
the river, JackvSon built some forts to repel them. The 
English advanced, how^ever, by way of the lakes that lie 
back of the city. Jackson built fortifications, and threw 
up earthworks on the field of Chai.mette, a few miles 
from the town, and he was soon attacked. 

9. The English army was led bv General Pakex- 
,HAM. It was one of the best equipped armies that 

the British had ever sent to America. The men were 
trained and experienced, having fought on many battle- 
fields of Europe. When they charged upon Jackson's 



iJ^O Period of Independence. 

breastworks, however, they were driven back with great 
slaughter. 

lO. , All day the battle raged, but the Kentucky and 
Tennessee riflemen, the citizen soldiers of New Orleans 
and the Baratarians stood their ground. The British 
were compelled to withdraw after losing 2000 of their 
men. Pakenham himself was killed in this battle. 
The loss of the Americans was but eight. 

II. This was the last battle of the war. A few 
naval fights occurred before peace became fully known. 
The Federalists had been all along opposed to this 
war, while the Republicans were in favor of it. The 
re-election of Madison and the election of his successor 
showed on which side most of the people were. 

QUESTIONS, 

When was the treaty of peace signed "i Where ? What hattle 
was fought before the news readied America ? Where was it 
fought ? Who commanded the Americans .' The English ? What 
services had Jackson ah-eady rendered ? What battles had he 
fought with the Indians ? What outrage had tiie Indians com- 
mitted ? Who had incited them against the whites ? Of whom 
was Jackson's army composed at tiie battle of New Orleans ? 
Who were the Baratarians ? What offer did Lafitte decline ? 
How did the United States government reward the Baratarians ? 
On what field was the battle of New Orleans fought ? What 
kind of army had Pakenham ? What was the result of the bat- 
tle .'' How many men did the English lose ? The Americans ? 
What political party had been in favor of this war .' Who op- 
posed it ? On which side of the war question were the greatest 
number of people ? How do you know .' 



Review Outline. 



171 



of tlie 



(c^Uei^ tsJ^ 



/<r/^ 



Ciinst 



(lencrals. 



Battles. 



American . 



r Br/t/s/i Encoitragnnejit of Indian Hostility 
y Impressment of American Sailors. 

{ \ IJarrison . 

\ I Scott. 

I Bro'tvn . 

I Ripley. 
\ yackson. 

Van Rensselaer. 
Pike. 
Macomb. 
[ Hull. 

{Brock. 

' Proctor. 

! Ross. 

I Pakeiiliam. 

I Dnanmond. 

yPrevost. 



British. 



American 
Victories . 



British 

Victories . 



r Toronto ( 7'ork) . 
r, \ Ft. Mci^s 
'^'3-> -} Ft. Stephenson. 
[ Thatnes. 

f Chippexva . 
„ 1 Lundy'' s Lane. 

'^'"^^ Plattsburg. 

\_Ft. Mc Henry. 

J 81^, Neiv Orleans. 

„ f Del roil. 

jSi2, - 

( Ji>jteenslovjn . 

' jSij, Frenchtoivtt. 

i^ j8/.fi Capture of Washington . 



Period of Independence. 



GEOGRAPHY gUESTIGNS, 

I'RKMMIXAKV To CHAPTHR XLIII. 

\Vhere is Massachusetts ? Virginia ? Tennessee ? 

In what i>ait of Africa are the Barbary States ? 

Where is Flortda ? Mississippi ? Illinois ? Alabama ? Missouri 

In what part of Florida are the Everglades ? 

Where is Arkansas ? Michigan ? 



CHAPTER XLIII. 

The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Presidents. 

I. The fiftli, sixth, and seventh presidents of the 
United States were James Monroe, of Virginia, John 
QuixcY Adams, of Massachusetts, and Anduew Jack- 
son, of Tennessee, Monroe and Jackson served two 
terms. John Quincy Adams was the son of the second 
president, John Adams, and served 
but one term, as did his father. 

3. Monroe was inaugurated in 
1817. During his administration 
the country was at peace with all 
the nations of the world. Our 
ships could sail upon every ocean 
unmolested by England. The Bar- 
bary pirates in 1S15 had been pun- 
ished a second time by a United States fleet under 
Decatur for not heeding the lesson taught them by 
Preble in the Tripolitan war of 1801 . 

3. The coimtry was growing and developing very 
rapidly. In 1819, Florida was purchased, and in the 




JAMES MONROE. 



The §th^ 6th ^ and yfh Presidents. 



1/3 



eight years Monroe was President five new states 
joined the Union. These were : Mississumm, admitted in 
1817; Ili.ixois, in 181S; Alabama, in 1S19; Maine, 
in 1820, and Missouri, in 182 1. Monroe's achninistra- 
tion has been called the "'Era of Good Feeling," 
for there seemed to he no opposition between politi- 
cal parties. But it was during this administration that 
the two questions. Tariff and Slavery, arose ' that after- 
wards caused much ill feeling between the states. For 
vears this ill feeling grew until it, at last, brought on 
one of the greatest wars in the his- 
tory of the world, of which you will 
soon learn. 

4. John Quincy Adams was in- 



augurated in 1S2: 



.Duringf his 




administration, the first railroad in 
the United States was built, at 
Quincy, Massachusetts. The year 
after his inauguration, Thomas J""n quincy adams. 
Jefferson and John Adams died. Both passed away 
upon the same day, July 4th, exactly fifty years after 
the day upon which the Declaration of Independence, 
that one of them had written, was adopted. 

5. Andrew Jackson, the Hero of New Orleans, was 
inaugurated in 1S29. The Republican party had now 
changed its name, and was henceforth to be known as 
the Democratic Party. The party opposed to it was 
the Whig. Two Intlian wars occurred during Jack- 
son's administration. One was in 1833, with the Sac 
and Fox Indians of Wisconsin Territory, who, under 
their chief, Black Hawk, were finally subdued. 



174 



Period of Independence. 



r^^j^ 6. The other was in 1835 with 

the Seminole Indians of Florida, 
whose chief was the famous Os- 
ceola. It was caused by :ni at- 
tempt to move the Indians from 
Florida. They refused to leave, and 
fled to the swamps and Everglades 
and it was with great difliculty that 
they were conquered. 
7. Two states were admitted while Jackson was Presi- 
dent, Arkansas in 1836, and Michigan in 1837. His 
administration was not a peaceful one, for there were many 
disputes, and the ill feeling that had begun in M,onroe's 
administration increased. Let us see what one of these 
disputes was about. 




'/ /// 

\NDRtW JACKSON. 



Black-Board Form. 



175 



HLACK-BDARn FDRM. 



t^'Tietyct^ 



/(^ 



'^e-'i'pld^. 



Administration of . 



Monroe' 



y. ^. Adams. 



yackson . 



{ n j hiauguration . 
'<^n \ Mississippi admitted. 

18/8 Illinois admitted. 

f Florida purchased. 
^°^^\Alal>a7na admitted. 

1820 Maine admitted. 

[^1821 A/issouri admitted. 

[ 182J Inauguration. 

\ I Death of Jefferson 

"j ^'^"^ \ and Adams. 

[ i82y First railroad. 

C i82g hiauguratioti . 

1832 Black Haivk War. 

\ 1835 Seminole War. 

1836 Arkansas admitted. 

1837 Michigan ad7nitted. 



I>j6 Pei'iod of Independence. 

QUESTIONS. 

Who was the fifth president of the United States? The sixth? 
The seventh? How many terms did Jackson and Monroe serve? 
J. Q. Adams? When was Monroe inaugurated? What were tlie 
relations of the United States with other nations now? Why were 
American vessels now permitted to sail in peace? Why were they 
not molested by England? The Barbary Powers? What five 
states were admitted while Monroe was president? When was 
each admitted? What was Monroe's administration called? Why? 
What two questions arose? When was Adams inaugurated? What 
two great men died the year after? Why do we remember Jeffer- 
son? Adams? When was Jackson inaugurated? To what had 
the two political parties changed their names? What Indian wars 
occurred while Jackson was president? Who was Black Hawk? 
Osceola? What was the cause of the Seminole war? What 
two states were admitted while Jackson was president? 

Write the Black-board Form for Monroe's Admin- 
istration. J. Q. Adams'. Jackson's. 

CHAPTER XLIV. 

Tariff. 

1. England has long been a great manufacturing nation. 
Her manufactured goods are sent to many portions of the 
world. When the United States and England were at 
war, of course none of these manufactured goods were 
sent to this country. 

2. So factories were put up for the purpose of 
making our own goods. These factories were mostly 
in New England and the Middle States. They were found 
to be profitable as long as goods were not imported from 
Europe. 

3. But when the war closed, English manufactures 
again came to this country. They were cheaper and much 



Tari-^. 



177 




better than could be made in the United States at that 
time. The American manufacturers would have had to 
stop work had not Congress come to their assistance. 

4. A tax, or Tariff', was levied in 1824 upon goods 
imported, for the purpose of protecting American manu- 
facturers. This tariff made these goods dearer to buy 
than those of American make. The states that contained 
factories were very well satisfied with this arrange- 



1^8 Period of Independence. 

ment, for people bought American goods in preference to 
the dearer importations from Europe. 

5. But many states, particularly the Southern, had 
but few factories. The people in these states thought that 
they should not be made to pay more for goods to protect 
the manufacturers of other states ; so there arose much 
contention. 

6. When J. Q. Adams became president, an additional 
duty, or tariff , was levied, and the ill feeling and dissatis- 
faction increased. In 1S33, when the tariff was made still 
higher, the state of South Carolina passed an act annul- 
ling the tariff laws and admitting foreign goods free of 
duty. 

7. This act is known as the Nullification Act. 
Jackson was then president of the United States. He was 
a man of much firmness. As president, he felt it to be 
his duty to enforce, or execute, the laws that governed the 
whole country. The tariff laws were among these, and 
although he did not believe in high tariff, yet he made 
preparations to compel South Carolina's obedience to it. 

8. Before serious trouble arose. Congress modified the 
laws so that the tariff would be lowered by degrees. This 
compromise satisfied all for the time, but the tariff question 
to this day is unsettled. 

(QUESTIONS, 

Why did England send no manufactured goods to this country 
during the war? What were put up in the United States? In 
what states were most of these factories built? Why were 
they not found profitable after war had ceased? How did Congress 
determine to protect them? What states were satisfied with the 
tariff laws? Dissatisfied? During the administration of what 



The 8th ^ gth^ atid loth Presidents. 



179 



president were tariff laws passed? What act did South Carolina 
pass in 1832? What was this act? Why did Jackson determine to 
compel obedience on the part of South Carolina? What did Con- 
gress do before serious trouble arose? What compromise was 
effected ? 



G-ED&RAFHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMIXARY TO CHAPTER XL^ . 

Where is Rhode Island? 
What states touch Canada? 
What state touches New Brunswick? 
Where is Florida? 



CHAPTER XLV. 
The Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Presidents. 

1. The eighth, nuith, and tenth presidents of the United 
States were Martin Van Buren, William Henry Har- 
rison, and John Tyler. Van 
Buren served but one term. He 
was inaugurated in 1S37. 

2. During his administration, 
the country suffered from a great 
BUSINESS PANIC. For yeais before, 
everything had been so prosperous 
that much business had been done 
on credit all over the country by 
both banks and merchants, as it 
was thought prosperous times would continue. 

3. But a time came for these banks and merchants to 
pay the large debts they had contracted It was found 




MARTIN VAN BUREN, 



i8o 



Period of Independence, 




that many had given others credit, as well as received 
credit, so there was not linich more than debts to pay debts 
with. Banks were compelled to close, and merchants to 
go into bankruptcy. The panic was general throughout the 
country, and much hardship was 
experienced. 

4. Harrison was inaugurated in 
1S41. He was the same man that 
had fought so bravely at the battle 
of Tippecanoe and in the war of 
18 1 3, and was a great favorite. 
But he died one month after his 
inauguration, and John Tyler, the 
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, man who had been elected vice- 
president, took his place. Tyler was the first accidental 

PRESIDENT. 

5 During Tyler's administration the principal events 
were Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode 
Island, and the Northeastern 
Boundary Treaty in 1842 ; the 
admission of Florida, as a state, 
and the annexation of Texas ^o 
in 1845. 

6. The Dorr Rebellion was 
caused by a number of men who 
objected to a law of the state 
under which they were governed. 
This law was a part of the old charter under which 
Rhode Island was governed when a colony. It provided 
that none but property owners could vote. The rebel- 




The 8th ^ gth, and loth Presidents. 



lSi 



lion was put down without blood- 
shed, and the law was afterward§ 
changed. 

7. The northeast boundary of 
the United States was agreed upon 
in 1842, In drawing up the treaty, 
Daxiel Webster represented the 
United States, and Lord Ash- 
burton, ■ England. It is known 
as the Webster-Ashburton 
Treaty. 




DANIEL WEBSTER, 



HLACK-BDilRI] FORM, 



^3 



^ 






Van Bur en. i8jy 



( /fiauo-urati'on. 



Harrison 

and 

Tyler. 



\ Busi 



iiess Paftic. 



^ ( Inauguration. 

i84i\ 

\ Death of Harrison. 

Dorr' s Rebellion. 



N. E. Boundary Treaty. 

{Texas Annexed. 
Florida Admitted. 



i82 Period of Independence. 



QUESTIONS. 

Who was the eighth president ? The ninth ? The tenth ? 
How long was Van Buren president ? Harrison ? What mis- 
fortune befell the country in Van Buren's administration ? What 
was the cause of this business panic? Wiiat was the result? 
When was Harrison inaugurated ? For wliat had he already be- 
come famous ? Who was the first accidental president ? What 
four events took place while Tyler was president ? What was 
Dorr's rebellion caused by ? How did it end ? What was the 
Webster-Ashburton treaty ? When was it agreed upon ? By 
whom was it signed ? 

Write the Black-board Form for the administration 
of Van Biiren. Harrison and Tyler. 



GEDERAPHY gUESTIDNS. 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XLVI. 

What state west of Louisiana ? 
What country southwest of Texas ? 
In what part of Texas is San Antonio ? 
In what part of Texas is Houston ? 
In what part of Texas is Gonzales ? 

CHAPTER' XLVI. 

Texas. 

I. The annexation of Texas was one of the most 
important events of our country's history. You will 
remember that all that part of the United States west 
of the Mississippi River, not included in the Louisiana 
purchase, belonged to Mexico. 



Texas. 



183 



2. As the United States grew in population, many 
people moved westward and settled the territories. In 
this way many Americans had gone to Texas. As 
time passed on and this number increased, a desire 
was felt to be indej^endent of Mexico. 

3. This independence was won by a Revolution, as 
the independence of the thirteen colonies had been 
won years before. The Lexington of the Texas Revo- 
lution was the fight at Gonzales, between Captain 
Castanada and Col- 
nel Moore. This took 
place on the 2d of Octo- 
ber, 1835. 

4. In the war that 
followed the Texans 
fought with the greatest 
bravery. In 1S36, San- 
ta Anna, leader of the 
Mexicans, made an at- 
tack upon a fort called the Alamo, not far from San 
Antonio. He had four thousand men, and the Texans, 
but two hundred. The fort was defended until only six 
Texans were left, but not until many Mexicans were 
killed. They surrendered at last, but were cruelly put 
to death. 

5. It was not long after this that the brave General 
Sam Houston, with a little army of Texans, met Santa 
Anna. A battle was fought at San Jacinto, and the 
whole Mexican army was destroyed. Santa Anna him- 
self was taken prisoner. 




THE ALAMO. 



i84 



Period of Independence. 




6. Texas was now free. 
A republic was organized 
and General Houston elected 
President. In 1S45, it was 
annexed to the United States. 
Later in the year, officei-s 
were elected, a state gov- 
ernment organized, and 
Texas was admitted into 
the Union as the twenty- 
eighth state. 



Texas. -\ 1S36 



HLACK-BDARI] FORM. 

16S5 Explored by La Salle. 
1S35 Baffle of Gonzales. 
Sie£-e of flic Alamo. 



^.84,{ 



Battle of San y acinic 

Annexed to the United States. 
Admitted to the Union. 



QUESTIONS. 

To whom did Texas belong ? By whom was it settled ? How 
■did it become independent ? What was the Lexington of the 
Texas revolution ? What was the great battle of the war ? Who 
was the leader of the Mexicans at San Jacinto ? Gonzales ? Who 
was the leader of the Texans in each battle ? What was the 
result of the siege of the Alamo ? Who was the first president 
of Texas ? When was it annexed ? When did it become a state ? 

Write tlie Black-board Form for Texas. 



War with Mexico. 



i8 = 



GEDG-RAPHY QUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMIXARY TO CHAPTER XLVII. 

Where is Texas ? Iowa ? Wisconsin ? 
What river bounds Texas on the southwest ? 
In what part of Texas is the Nueces River ? 
What city near the mouth of the Rio Grande ? 
Name the States and Territories west of the Rocky Moun- 
tains and south of Oregon and Idaho. 
In what part of Mexico is Monterey ? 
What direction is it from Matamoras ? 
Where is Vera Cruz ? City of Mexico ? 
What direction is Mexico from Vera Cruz ? 
In what part of California is the Sacramento River ? 
Where ai'e the Rockv Mountains ? 



CHAPTER XLVII. 



War with Mexico. 

I. The eleventh president of 
the United States was James K. 
Polk, of Tennessee. He was 
inaugurated in 1845. Three 
States were admitted while he 
was President, Texas in 1845, 
Iowa in 1846, and Wisconsin 
in 1S48. 

3. When Texas was admitted 
trouble arose with Mexico. The 
Texans claimed that their territory extended southwest 
as far as the Rio Grande. The Mexicans claimed that 
the Neuces River was the boundary between Texas and 
Mexico. As Texas was now a part of the United States, 
President Polk sent a force to take possession of the dis- 
puted territory. 




JAMES K. POLK. 



1 86 Period of Iiidependence. 

3. This force was commanded by General Zachary 
Taylor. A large Mexican army under General Arista 
advanced to meet the Americans. Battles wei"e fought 
at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and, 
although Taylor's army was only one-third as large as 
Arista's, the Mexicans were defeated in both and were 
compelled to cross the Rio Grande to Matamoras. 

4. War had now begun in earnest. Three campaigns 
were planned against Mexico. General Kearney was to 
cross the Rocky Mountains and take possession of the 
northwestern portion of Mexico, which then included 
California and New Mexico. General Taylor was to 
cross the Rio Grande, and General Scott was to land at 
Vera Cruz and march to the City of Mexico. 

5. All three of these plans were well carried out. 
General Kearney and Captain John C. Fremont, with 
the assistance of an American fleet under Commodore 
Stockton, took possession of California and New Mex 
ico without any trouble. Taylor and Scott had some 
fighting to do before their campaigns were over. 

6. General Taylor crossed the Rio Grande, and after 
taking possession of Matamoras, marched westward into 
Mexico. With six thousand men he attacked ten thous- 
and Mexicans under Ampudia, that were posted in the 
strongly fortified city of Monterey ; and after three 
days' hard fighting, captured the city and all its fortifi- 
cations. He then marched on to Buena Vista, where, 
February 23d, 1847, his greatest victory was won. 

7. The Mexican army consisted of 20,000 men. It 
was led by Santa Anna, the same Mexican general 



IVar with Alexico. 



lS; 




who years before had opposed the Texans. There were 
hut 5000 men in the American army. Feeling sure of 
the victory, Santa Anna suggested to a messenger sent 
by Taylor, that the Americans would do well to 
surrender, " General Taylor never surrenders," was 
the answer made to this. The battle that followed 
was a fierce one. The Americans were completely 
victorious, for Santa Anna's army was driven in great 
confusion from the field. 

8. After a hard fought contest, General Scott suc- 
ceeded in capturing Veua Cruz. With 12,000 men he 



Period of Independence. 



then began a inarch inland to the city of Mexico. He 
was opposed all along the route by large Mexican arm- 
ies under Santa Anna, who had come down to stop 
him after leaving Taylor at Buena Vista. Brilliant vic- 
tories were won at Cerro Gordo, Molino del Rey, 

and Chapultepec, and on the 14th 

of September, 1S47, Scott entered 

?kIe\ico in triumph. 

9. This ended the war. February 

2d, 1848, a treaty called the treaty 

of GUADALOUPE HiDALGO WaS 

drawn up. It was 
agreed that Mex- 
ico should give 
up' all the terri- 
tory that now 
forms the south- 
western part of 
the United States 
I for which the 
United States 
was to pay $15,- 
000,000. 

10. Hardly had 
the war closed 
before gold was 
discovered in 
that portion of 

CROSSING TtlE HOCKY SlOf.NTAINS. thc McxlcaU pUr- 

chase now known as California. Particles of this valuable 
metal were found in the sand of the Sacramento River, 




B lack-Board Form. 



189 



and it was not long before the rocks of many mountains 
were found to contain veins of it. There were no rail- 
roads across the great western plains in those days. 
The journey to California was made by wagons, long 
trains of which crossed the Rocky Mountains with diffi- 
culty. Notwithstanding all this, people rushed to Cali- 
fornia from all parts of the world, at first to dig for 
gold, then to lay out farms and build cities; and now it 
is one of the most prosperous states of the Union. 



BLACK-HDARn FORM. 



to 



1845 



1846 



1848 



InaKc^uration. 

Texas Admitted. 

Mexican War. 

loxva Admitted. 
Wisconsin Admitted. 
\ Treaty of Guadalonpe Hidalgo. 
(^ Gold Discovered. 



ipo Period of Independence. 



QUESTIONS. 

Who was the eleventh president of. the United States ? When 
wa.s he inaugurated ? What states were admitted during his 
administration ? What troubles arose upon the admission of 
Texas? Why? Between what two rivers" did the disputed terri- 
tory lie ? Who was sent to the Rio Grande frontier ? What 
two battles did Taylor fight before the Mexicans were driven 
across the river? Who was the Mexican general in these battles? 
What campaigns were planned? Who were to lead each? How 
did Kearney succeed ? What town did General Taylor capture 
after crossing the Rio Grande ? Where did he then go ? What 
was the result of the storming of Monterey ? What was the 
next battle fought by Taylor ? What was the size of each army 
in this battle ? What did Santa Anna expect Taylor to do ? What 
answer did Taylor send back to him ? What was the result of 
the battle ? What city did Scott capture before he began his 
march to Mexico ? How many men did he have ? What victo- 
ries were won by him ? When did he enter the City of Mexico? 
What treaty ended the war ? What did the United States gain 
by this war ? What sum of money was paid Mexico ? What 
discovery led to the rapid settlement of California ? 

Write the Black-board Form for Polk's Adminis- 
tration. 



Review Oi/tlinc 



191 



'<? 



(L>)ttt'Ci/>' 



of the 



tZi Ui-M^-/0 



€'<z^ef:>^ 



^ f^ \ Annexation of Texas. 

' \ Disputed Territory. 



( Taylor. 
Americans. <; Scott. 

\ Kearney. 



s 
^ 

^ 



Mexicans. 



Arista. 
Ainpndia. 
Santa Anna. 



^ 



^ 






'-n 



^1846, May 8, Palo Alto. 
\ " ATay g. Resaca de la Pal ma. 
1 " Sept. 24^ Monterey. 
1^1847^ Feb. 2J, Btiena Vista. 



184"/^ March 27. ]'era Criiz. 
'' April 18, Cerro Gordo. 

Sept. 8. Molino del Rey. 
" Sept. /J, Chapiiltepec. 
•' Sept., 14, Mexico Entered. 



Period of Independence. 



&ED&RAFHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XLVIII. 

Where is Louisiana ? New York ? New Hampshire]? Penn- 
sylvania ? 

In what part of Asia is Japan ? 

What ocean between Japan and the United States? 

Where is Minnesota ? Oregon ? Kansas ? 

In what part of Europe is Ireland ? In what part of America 
is Newfoundland ? 

CHAPTER XLVIII. 



The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Presidents. 

I. The twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth 
presidents of the United States were Zachary Taylor, 
of Louisiana, Millard Fillmore, 
of New York, Franklin Pierce, 
of New Hampshire, and James 
Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. 

3. Taylor 
was inaugu- 
rated in 1849, 
but died the 
year after, and the vice-president, 
Fillmore, became president. Dur- 
ing the administration of Fillmore, 
California was admitted as a state, 
and three great American states- 
men died, John C. Calhoun in 1S50, Henry Clay 
and Daniel Webster in 1853. 




ZACHARY TAYLOR. 




MILLARD FILLMORE. 



The I2t]i^ ijtJi^ l^t/i^ and ijth Presidents. 19 j 



3. Pierce was inaugurated in 
1S53. While he was president, a 
treaty was made with Japan by 
which that country permitted 
American vessels to land and carry 
on commerce. A dispute arose 
with Mexico over the boundary 
line that runs west from the Rio 
Grande. It was settled by the 
Gadsden Purchase, by which 





JOHN C. CALHOUN. 

the United States gained a small ad- 
dition to her southwest territory. 
4. Buchanan was inaugurated in 



1S5 



3/- 



While he was President, three 



new states were admitted, Minnesota 
in 1S58, Oregon in 1859, and Kansas 
in 1S61. One of the most important 
events of this administration was 
the laying of the first Atlantic 
Cable. 



5. This cable was laid under 
the Atlantic Ocean from Ireland 
to Newfoundland. By it, mes- 
sages can cross the ocean from 
Europe to America in a few 
seconds. It was a great under- 
taking at the time, and Cyrus 
W. Field, the man who laid.it, 
deserves much credit, for he over- 




JAMES BUCHANAN. 



•194 Period of Ijidcpeudencc. 

• came many difficulties before he was rewarded with 
success. 

6. The administrations of these four presidents were 
not peaceful ones. There often arose contentions and ill 
feeling over the question of Slavery, far more bitter than 
had been excited years before by the Tariff. You will be 
told of this Slavery question in another chapter. 

QUESTIONS. 

Who was the twelfth president ? Thirteenth ? Fourteenth ? 
Pifteenth ? From what state was Taylor r Fillmore ? Pierce ? 
Buchanan ? When was Taylor inaugurated ? Pierce ? Buchanan ? 
Who was the second accidental president ? What three great states- 
men died while Fillmore was president ? What treaty was made ? 
What purchase ? What states were admitted while Buchanan was 
president ? What was one of the most important events of his ad- 
ministration ? Why were not the administrations of these four 
presidents peaceful ones r What two questions had caused much 
ill-feeling for years? 



GEDGRAFHY QUESTIDNS, 

PRELIM I XARV TO CHAPTER XL IX. 

Name the Southern States. 

Where is Virginia ? Missouri ? Texas ? California ? Kansas ? 
Nebraska ? 

Find the southern boundary line of Missouri. 

Trace the line from the Mississippi River to the Pacific 
•Ocean. 

Is Kansas north or south of this line ? Nebraska ? 

Name the States and Territories north of it. 



Slavery. ip^; 

CHAPTER XLIX. 

Slavery. 

1. Negroes were first imported, as you remember, ins 
i0i.C). The custom of having slaves existed more or less- 
in all the colonies, but, as time passed on, the labor of 
these slaves was found to be much more profitable in 
the South than in the North. They were better suited to 
the climate and plantation work of the South. Large 
numbers were purchased, and imported from Africa. 

2. As time passed on, the people of the North and the 
people of the South came to have different interests. 
The North turned much of its attention to manufacturing, 
while the South depended on the production of tobacco, 
rice, sugar and cotton for its prosperity. 

3. When the tariff laws were made, as you know, to 
protect the northern manufacturers, the southern people 
thought these laws unjust. Then, the idea began to grow 
in the North that African slavery should be done away 
with. As slaves were property, to free them would be 
like destroying so much property, so the people of the 
South could only look upon it as an attack upon their 
interests. 

4. The ill feeling awakened by the tariff increased, 
when the slavery question arose. The states were soon 
arrayed under the headings of Free States and Slave 
States. Whenever a new state was to be admitted, a 
contest would arise as to whether slavery was to be 
permitted in it or not. 



196 



Period of Independence. 




A SOUTHERN COTTON FIET.D. 



^. In 1S30, Missouri applied to be admitted as a 
slave state. An angry dispute arose. A bill called 
the Missouri Compromise bill was introduced into 
Congress, and Henry Clay strongly advocated it. This 
bill permitted slavery in Missouri, but prohibited it in 
svich other states as would be formed from the Lou- 
isiana purchase north of the line that forms the southern 
boundary of Missouri. The bill was passed, and, for a 
while, the question was settled. 

6. When, in 1S45, it was proposed to annex Texas, 
there was opposition from the free states, as slavery 
prevailed in that territory. This opposition again man- 
ifested itself at the close of the Mexican war, when 
the~territory won from Mexico was annexed. 



S/ar, 



197 




HENRY CLAY. 



7. The same dispute arose when 
California was admitted as a state, 
but Henrv Clay, who by this time 
had come to be known as the 
Great Pacificator, made a 
peaceful settlement. Two years 
before Kansas was admitted a bill 
was passed by Congress called the 
Kaxsas-Nebraska Bill. 

8. This bill provided that, 
although Kansas and Nebraska 
were noi'th of the Missouri Compromise line, the 
people of those states were to decide for themselves 
whether there was to be slaveiy there or not. The bill 
caused additional ill feeling, and, when it was passed, 
people from both free and slave states hastened to 
Kansas, each thinking to outvote the other in deciding 
the slavery question. 

9. And thus for years' this angry spirit was growing. 
In Kansas, the people from free and slave states 
made war upon each other and blood was shed. 
Political parties changed. Taylor and Fillmore w-ere 
the last Whig Presidents. ; The Whigs of the North 
became a party in favor of abolition of slavery and 
called themselves the Republican Party. The 
Whigs of the South joined the Democratic Party. 
The Democrats elected Pierce and Buchanan, but when 
it came to electing Buchanan's successor, disagreements 
arose, and two candidates were put forward. The Re- 
publicans had but one. The Democratic candidates were 
Stephen A, Douglas, of Illinois, and John C. Breck- 



198 



Period of Indcpouience. 



ENRiDGE, of Kentucky. The Republican candidate was- 
Abraham Lixcoln. A small number of the old Whig- 
party voted for a fourth candidate, John Bell, of Ten- 
nessee. Lincoln ^vas elected. 



>> 



BLilCK-HDARn FORM, 



Hiy^tctAa- 



^^€/yi 



i^. 



Taylor 

and 

Fillmore. 



Pierce. 



\ iS4g. Inauguration 

I f Death of Taylor. 

J 18^0. \ California Adtnitted. 

I ( Death of Calhomi . 

,852. [Death of {^y7blter. 

{ n. J Inauguration. 

I -^J • 1^ Gadsden Purchase. 

\ 

I o / Japaji Treaty 

[ ^*-^^- \Kansas-Nebrasha Bill. 

{ jS^j. Tnauguration. 

oof Mifinesota Admitted. 
163s. \j^iifi,ific Cable. 

iSjQ. ( Oregon Admitted. 

i860. \ Secession of South Carolina. 

1S61. I Kansas Admitted. 



QUESTIONS. 
When was slavery introduced ? Where did the custom of 
holding slaves exist ? Where was slave labor found to be the 
most profitable ? Why ? What different interests had the peo- 
ple of the North and South ? What laws were considered unjust 
by the South ? Why ? What idea did the people of the North 



Buchanan. 



Gcog-)-apky J^/i est ions. igg 

come to have ? Why did not slave owners believe that the 
slaves should be freed ? What did the quarrels of Tariff and' 
Slavery cause ? What two classes of states did there come tO' 
be ? What was the Missouri Compromise ? Who advocated it P 
Why did not the free states favor the annexation of Texas ? 
What other territory caused the slavery question to be raised i* 
What state ? Who settled the question peacefully when California, 
was admitted ? By what was he now known ? Whv ? What was 
the Kansas-Nebraska bill ? When this bill was passed what was 
done ? Where was blood shed ? Who were the last Whig presi- 
dents ? When the northern and southern Whigs divided what 
party did each join ? By what party was Pierce elected ? Bu- 
chanan ? In electing Buchanan's successor what four candidates- 
were there ? Who were the Democratic candidates ? Who was- 
the Republican candidate ? Whose candidate was John Bell ?' 
Who was elected ? 

Write tlie Black-board Forui for Administration^ 
of Taylor and Fillmore. Pierce. Buchanan. 



GEDERilFHT gUESTIDNS 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER I,. 

In what part of Virginia is Harper's Ferry? 

Where is South Carolina? Florida? 

Where is Mississippi? Alabama? 

Where is Georgia? Louisiana? 

Where is Texas? Tennessee? 

Where is Arkansas? North Carolina? 

In what part of Alabama is Montgomery? 

In what part of Virginia is Richmond? 

In what part of South Carolina is Charleston? 



^p^VSE^^^^^ 




Leaving the Union. 



I. The ycni' before Lincoln's election, an attempt was 
made by John Brown to incite a rebellion among the 
negroes of Virginia. Brown, with twenty-one men, cap- 
tured the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, but 
his attempt came to naught, as he was soon taken pris- 
oner, tried for treason, and hanged. 

3. But the event showed how fast the unfriendly feel- 
ing between the sections was growing. When Lincoln 
■was elected, the people of the Southern States saw noth- 
ing before them but discord. The constitution that had 
been drawn up years before was an agreement to a 
tinion that should insure peace and domestic tranquility. 

3. So it was determined by a number of states to 
withdraw, or secede. South Carolina was the first to pass 
the Ordinance of Secession, which she did, Decem- 
ber 20th, i860. She was soon followed by the states of 
Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, 
and Texas. 



Leaving the Ufiion. 



30I 



4. The seceHed states formed themselves into a con- 
federation of their own. Montgomery was made the 
capital, and here deleq-ates met and the s^overnment of 




ri.i'uii.Ns. 



the "Confederate States op America" was organ- 
ized. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen 
President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, 
Vice President. 



Period of Indcfcndciicc. 



5-. But it was now that the people of the North de- 
clared that no state had the power or right to with- 
draw from the Union. They held that the United States 
government was above, and had full power over, state 
governments, and that no state could withdraw with- 
out permission. 

6. The people of the South held that the govern- 
ment was but a partnership of states; that as it was a 
republic, the people were the rulers, and had full power 
of deciding what they should do. A state could secede 
when the people of that state so decided. 

*i. So the questions of Slavery and Tariff were left 
behind, and the quarrel was now about the right of a 
state to leave the Union. Both sides believed them- 
selves to be in the right, and it took a long, bloody 
war to settle the question. 

8. By the time that Lincoln was inaugurated, it was. 
known that an attempt would be made to force the 
South back into the Union, The seceded states made 
preparations to resist. Forts and arsenals situated with- 
in their boundaries were seized. The 
surrender of Fort Sumter in the 
harbor of Charleston, S. C, was 
demanded, but the commandant,. 
, Major Anderson, refused to give it 
up. General P. G. T. Beauregard 
began a bombardment which lasted 
thirty-four hours. Friday morning, 
April 1 3th, 1S61, the first gun was fired, and the bom- 
bardment continued until Anderson surrendered. 




fe 



G. T. BEAUREGARD. 



Leaving the Uiiio)i, 




BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SL'MTEK. 



9. The news of this bombardment flew over the coun- 
try and produced the greatest excitement. Every one 
felt that the signal of war had been given. President 
Lincoln called for volunteers to invade the South. 
President Davis called for volunteers to repel the inva- 
ders. 

10. The time had come for the other southern 
■states to decide upon what side the}- would be. ViR- 
oixiA, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee 
joined the Confederacy. The capital was changed 
from Montgomery to Richmond, where the southern 
volunteers soon collected. The northern volunteers 
gathered at Washington. The first great battle was 
to be fought at a point between the two cities. 

11. And so these states that had stood together 
ever since they were struggling colonies, that had 
fought and suffered together for their separate inde- 
pendence, were now arrayed against each other. Nel- 



204 



Period of Independence. 



ther side would yield, and both were ready to fight 
for what they thought to be right, as Americans had 
always done before them. In the days of the Revolu- 
tion, Virginia had declared that "an attack on Massa- 
chusetts would be regarded as an attack upon Virginia,"' 
but now Massachusetts troops were among the first to- 
reach Virginia to war against her. 

12. As the French and Indian War had trained 
many of the patriot soldiers ihat took part in the Rev- 
olution, so did the Mexican War give experience to 
many who came to the front on both sides in the 
approaching war. Among these were to be some of the 
greatest generals of the world, men ^vhon"! people, now, 
both North and South, are proutl to know and honor 
as Americans. 



Causes 

of ike 

Civil War. 



Sla''cry 



I 



HLACK-BDARE FDRM, 

f 1 619 Introduction. 

1S20 Missouri Compromise. 
1S50 Compromise Measures. 

iS>6 Kansas Strus^gles, 
L 1S59 John Brorvn''s Raid. 

r 1S24 Tariff Agitation. 

I 1S2S Tarif Bill. 
Tariff Bill. 
Nullification Act. 

1 560 South Ca roll n a . 

1561 Bombardment of Fort Sumter. 



Tariff. 



1S32 



Secession . 



Geography Question. 205 

QUESTIONS. 

Who attempted to incite the Virginia negroes to rebellion r 
What was the result? What did the John Brown's raid show? 
What did the people of the South see before them when it was 
known that Lincoln was elected ? What did some of the states 
determine to do ? Why ? What state was the first to secede ? 
When was the ordinance of secession passed ? What states fol- 
lowed South Carolina in the secession movement ? What did the 
seceded states form themselves into ? What city was made the 
capital ? Who was elected president ? Vice-president ? What 
did the people of the North now declare ? What opinion did 
the people of the South hold ? What was now the question 
upon which there was to be a quarrel ? What steps did the 
South take to resist any attempt to force them back into the 
Union ? What happened at Fort Sumter ? Why ? When was 
the first gun fired ? When it was found that war could not be 
avoided what four states joined the Confederacy? What then 
became the capital ? Where did Union soldiers collect ? Con- 
federate ? Name son>e of the difficulties through which the 
colonies had assisted each other ? What war had given many 
that fought in the Revolution experience ? What war trained 
many who fought in the war that was now to take place ? 

Write the Black-board Form for the causes of the 
Civil A\ ar. 



&En&RAPHY gUESTIDNS. 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER LI. 

Where is Virginia ? 

In what direction from Washington is Richmond ? 

What States are the most eastern of the Southern States ? 

Which is the most western ? 



3o6 



Period of Itidcpciideiicc. 



CHAPTER LI. 



The l<irst Important Battle. 

1. When the northern volunteers gathered at Wash- 
ington the cry was raised " Ox to Richmond." The 
taking of that city was thought to be a very easy 
matter, and the capture of the Confederate capital would, 
in the opinion of the North, end the war. 

2. General Winfield Scott was made the first com- 
mander-in-chief of the Union army, but as it was sup- 
posed that he was too old to take the field, the army 

that set out upon its march to Rich- 
mond was put under the command 
of General ISIcDowelj^. 

3. The Confederates assembled 
to oppose this army at a point about 
% twenty-five miles from Washington, 
near a little creek called Bull Run. 
They were commanded by General 
Joseph E. Johnston and General 
Beauregard. The northern soldiers were confident of 
victory, and the southern army had the same confidence 
in themselves. 

4. So a battle occurred. At first the advantage 
^was with the Union soldiers and the Confederates were 
being forced back. But there was a Confederate gen- 
eral in this battle who stood with his men like a 
stone wall, and said: "We will give them the bayonet!" 
He could not be driven back. The name of this gene- 
ral was Thomas Jonathan Jackson. 




JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON. 



The First Important Battle. 



lo\ 




5. The battle from the tiist had been fought by 
only a part of the southern army. About the thne 
that Jackson made his stand the rest arrived upon the 
scene. It was not long before the Union soldiers were 
driven from the field in the greatest disorder. The 
army that set out to finish the war in three months re- 
turned to Washington completely demoralized. 

6. When the people of the North heard of the bat- 
tle of Bull Run they were fired with the determination 



2oS Period of Independence. 

to conquer the South. More than half a million men 
joined the army and different campaigns were planned. 
It was now felt that the war was to be a long and 
bitter one, and every preparation was made. 

7. The Great Civil War that followed lasted 
four years. There is not room in this little book 
to tell of all the battles that were fought and of the 
brave deeds that were done by men both of the North 
and of the South. You can only be told of some of 
the important battles and a few' of the principal 
generals. 

8. Fighting was carried on in both the eastern and 
western portions of the Confederacy. Most of the 
battle grounds in the east were in the State of Vir- 
ginia. Let us learn how the war was carried on in the 
West. 



QUESTIONS. 

When the northern army collected at Washington what cry 
was raised ? Why did they wish to capture the Confederate 
capital ? Who was the first Union commander-in-chief ? Who 
took his place in the field ? Why ? Where had the Confederate 
army taken a position ? Who commanded them ? Which side 
had the advantage at first ? What general stood like a stone- 
wall in this battle ? What did he say t What was the result of 
this battle ? What determination fired the people of the North 
on hearing of this battle ? How many men joined the northern 
armies ? What is this war that had now begun called ? Where 
was fighting carried on ? In what state were most of the 
eastern battle fields ? 



llic War in ike West. 209 



GED&RAFHY QUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER LII. 

Where is Missouri? 

In what part of Illinois is Cairo? 

Into what do the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers empty? 

In what direction does the Tennessee flow? 

In what part of Mississippi is Corinth? 

In what part of Tennessee is Murfreesboro? 

In what part of Mississippi is Vicksburg? 

In what part of Tennessee is Chattanooga? 

What direction is Georgia from Chattanooga? 

Where is New Orleans? 

In what part of Louisiana is Port Hudson? 

Where is the Red River? 

In what part of Louisiana is Mansfield? 

CHAPTER LIL 
The War in the West. 

1. The tirst battles in the west took place in the 
.State of Missouri. Not long after the battle of Bull Run, 
a battle was fought at Wilson's Creek, in which the 
Confederates were victorious. They were led by Gen- 
erals Price and McCulloch. 

2. In the early part of the year 1862, a Union force 
under General U. S. Grant advanced from Cairo, Illi- 
nois, to break the line of forts that had been established 
in Tennessee and Kentucky by the Confederates. He 
was assisted by a large fleet of gunboats under Commo- 
dore FooTE, and Fort Henry on the Tennessee River 
and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland fell into his 
hands. 



210 



Period oj Independence. 



3. He then moved south up the Tennessee River as 
far as Pittsburg Landing. Another Union army under 
General Buei.l had been ordered to meet him here. The 
Confederates had collected an army under Generals Al- 




<ANr AND MEADE, 



BERT Sidney Johnston and Beauregard at Corinth, 
not far off, and it was determined to attack Grant be- 
fore his reinforcements arrived. 



The War in the West. 



4. The Confederates came upon and surprised the 
Union camps in the woods near Shiloh Church. Long 
and stubborn fighting followed. The battle had been 
skillfully planned beforehand by General Johnston, who 
was one of the ablest generals of the war. Grant's army 
was driven back, and many Union soldiers taken prison- 
ers. But Johnston received a mortal wound during the 
battle, and before the victory could be followed up, Bu- 
ell arrived, and Grant was saved. The Confederates un- 
der Beauregard were forced back to Corinth. 

5. Towards the latter part of this year, another Con- 
federate army under General Bragg moved north to- 
wards Kentucky. A large Union army under General 
RosECRANS moved south to meet him. The armies 
came together at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and, on 
the last day of the year, one of the bloodiest battles 
of the war occurred. The result was in favor of nei- 
ther side, and, two days after, another battle was 
fought, after which Bragg withtlrew. 

6. In September of 1S63, Bragg and Rosecrans again 
came together, and what has been called the great bat- 
tle of the west was fought at Chickamauga Creek in north- 
west Georgia. The battle lasted two days, and resulted 
in a victory for the Confederates. Had it not been for 
the bravery of General Thomas who stood firm while 
the rest of the army was retreating, the Union forces 
would have been destroyed. 

7. After this defeat General Grant was put in com- 
mand of the Union army, and he hastened to Chatta- 
nooga,- to w^hiQh it haci been driven. He was here 



212 



Period of ^ndeferideiice. 




JIA T I Lh 



heavily reinforced l)y Generals Hooker and Sherman, 
and the combined forces were able to beat back Bragg 
from the position he had taken near the town, after some 
gfreat battles were fougfht. 

8. General Bragg was now superseded by General 
Joe E. Johnston. The Confederate army was reduced 
to less than 50,000 men, and Johnston was soon 
called on to oppose a large army of 100,000 men, under 
General Sherman, that set out after the battle of 
Chattanooga to march through Georgia. 

9. In the meanwhile the Unionists had obtained full 
possession of the Mississippi River. A number of gun- 



The War in the West. 



213 



l)oats had descended from the north, and a fleet under 
Commodore Farragut ascended from the mouth. After 
meeting with the brave resistance and running the fire 
of forts below the city, this fleet reached New Orleans. 
Being wholly defenceless, to avoid bombardment, the 
city surrendered. 

10. ViCKSBURG, Miss., and Port Hudson. Louisiana, 
held out the longest. Both sustained a long siege, and it was 




K r X x I X I 



TIIF. J IKE 



JF riiL ruiti; 



only after suffering many of the horrors of starvation 
that the garrison of each place surrendered to the superior 
forces by which they were surrounded. 

II. In the early part of 1864. a Union army under 
the command of General Banks attempted to overrun 



214 



Period of Independence. 



Louisiana. Banks ascended the Red River and was met 
by General Richard Taylor, with a small Confederate 
army, at Mansfield. The battle resulted in a Union 
defeat. Taylor followed up his victory, and the battle of 
Pleasant Hill was fought, after which the Unionists 
reti^eated from that part of the State. 



HLACK-BDARn FORM, 



'\ 1861 Wilson'' s Creek., 
{ -p , \ Henry. 
r^A^J ^^ ^ \ Done/son. 



Battles of the West.\ 



(^ jMnrfreeshoro. 

r T icksburg. 
rj^ J Port Hudson. 
^ j Chickaniauga. 

(^ CJiattanooga. 
r,, \ JSIans field. 



QUESTIONS, 

What battle in Missouri was won by the Confederates? Under 
what generals? What Union general was stationed at Cairo ? 
When did he start south? What forts did he capture? Who 
assisted him in the capture of these forts? Where did he then 
go? What Union general was to reinforce him at Pittsburg Land- 
ing? Where had a Confederate army collected? Where was a 
battle fought? Who led the Confederates? What was the result? 
What happened to Johnston? What saved Grant? What battle 



Geography Questions. 



was fought between Bragg and Rosecrans? Wlien? When did 
Bragg and Rosecrans again meet ? Where ? WHiat was the 
result? What Union general saved the retreating army from 
destruction? Who then assumed command? By whom was he 
reinforced? Where had the Union army retreated? What was 
the result of the battles of Chattanooga? Who superseded Bragg? 
What was the size of the Confederate army at this time? What 
was Johnston called on to do? What river had the Unionists 
obtained possession of by this time? What descended the river? 
Ascended? What city was surrendered to Admiral Farragut? 
What two places on the river held out the longest? Why were 
they finally surrendered? What state did General Banks attempt 
to overrun? When? Who met him? Where? Who were victo- 
rious? What was the result of Banks' expedition? 

AVrite the Black-board Foriu for the battles of the 
West. 



EEDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER LIII. 

In what part of Virginia is the James River ? 
Where is the York River ? 

What natural division of land between the York and James 
Ri\ers ? 

In what part of Virginia is Williamsburg ? Fredericksburg ? 

Where is the Shenandoah River ? 

Where is Harper's Ferry ? 

Where is Chancellorsville ? 

In what part of Pennsylvania is Gettysburg ? 

What direction is it from Richmond? •' 



2I< 



Period of Independence. 




JOHNSTOM, LEE AND JACKSON. 



CHAPTER LIII. 



The War in Virginia. 

I. After the battle of Bull Rim the Union aniiv in 
Virginia was placed under the command of General 
George B. McClei.lax. He first organized and drilled 
his men and then advanced on Richmond by way of 



7^hc War in Virginia. 317 



the peninsula between the York and James Rivers. 
After being held in check for a month near Yorktown 
by a force under General Magruder, he advanced and 
the battle of Williamsburg was fought, after which 
the Confederates fell back. 

2. When McClellan arri\ed near Richmond, he 
halted, threw up earthworks, and waited for i-einforce- 
ments under General McDowell that were to come from 
Fredericksburg. A force of 1^,000 men under General 
" Stonewall" .Iacksox was at this time in the valley 
through which the vShenandoah River runs. Washington 
was not safe as long as Confederates were so near, and 
before McClellan could be reinforced, it was necessary 
to drive them out. Two armies under Generals Fre- 
mont and Banks, and the armv under McDowell, con- 
sisting in all oi 60,000 men, were ordered to surround 
and c.iptnrc them. 

3. It was then that Jackson made the Valley 
Campaign, that proved him to be the great general that 
he was. Before the Union armies could unite, he de- 
feated one at Cross Keys, another at Port Republic, 
and by rapid marching escaped from the valley. 

4 In McClellan's attempt to take Richmond, the 
battle of Se\'en Pines was fought. The Confederates 
were successful, but their leader, General J. E. John- 
ston, was wounded. The next day the battle was re- 
newed, but the Confederates were this time repulsed. 
General Robert E. Lee now assumed coinmand of 
the Confederate army. 

5. Lee attacked the Unionists, and for seven days, 
BATTLES were fought, while McClellan was withdrawing 




KOBEKT E. LEE AND STONEWALL JACKSON— LAST MEETING. 



The War in Virginia. 31^ 

his army. These battles resulted ia great loss of life on 
both sides, and in the last one, the battle of Mai.vern, 
Lee received a bloodv check, as the Unionists were 
strongly posted, and protected by gunboats ; but Rich- 
mond was saved. 

6. General Pope now took command of the Union 
army. He was defeated, August 30th, on the same 
field upon which the battle of Bull Run had been fcnight. 
General Lee moved north after this battle, with the in- 
tention of invading Maryland. A part of his army 
under .Jackson captured Harper's Ferrv. Lee and 
McClellan, \\\\o had again been placed in command, 
then met, and fought a great battle at Antietam Creek, 
Maryland. 

7. The greatest bravery was displaced on 1)oth sides, 
and the victorv was undecided. But Lee advanced no 
further; and as he marched back to Virginia, the advantage 
was with the Unionists. Tovvaids the latter part of the 
year 1862, McClellan was superseded by General Burn- 
side, who was defeated at the. battle of Fredericks- 
burg. General Hooker was then placed in command 
and the battle of Chaxcej^lorsville was fought, Mav 2d 
and 3d, 1863. 

8. Hooker was defeated in these battles, but one of the 
saddest events of the war occurred the night after the first 
day's battle. General '' Stonewall " Jackson, returning from 
examining the ground and getting ready for the battle of 
the next day, being mistaken in the darkness for the 
enemy, was shot and mortally wounded by some of his 
own men. 



Period of Independence. 



9. He was a man of pious, spotless character. He 
was loved and revered bv every soldier in the army. 
He had helped Lee win many victories, and the men 
had all come to think that where Jackson was there 
could be no defeat. Now^, that he is dead and the wai 
over, he is honored by people of both North and South 
as one of the great men this country has produced. 

10. The Confederates were so successful at Chan- 
cellorsville that ' Lee determined again to invade the 
North. Marching into Pennsylvania, he was met at 
Gettysburg by GeneVal Meade, and one of the great- 
ebt battles of the war took place. For three days the 
battle raged. The Confederates charged bravely upon 
the the Union breastworks but were defeated. Lee 
and his men returned to Virginia without being pursued. 
It was the day after the battle of Gettysburg that Vicksburg 
svirrendered. 



BLACK-HDilRE FDRM, 



Battles of the East. 



\ 1S61 -] Bull Run. 



1862 



f Williamsburg. 
Seven Pines. 
Malvern. 
Second Bull Run 
Harper'' s Ferry. 
Antietam . 
Fredericksburg . 



1863 { 



Chancellorsville . 
Gettysburg. 



Questions. 



QUESTIONS. 

Who assumed command of the Union army after the baltie 
of Bull Run ? By what way did he advance upon Richmond ? 
S\'ho held him in check ? What battle was then fought ? 
Whom did he wait for to reinforce him ? What general in tiie 
Shenandoah Valley occupied the attention of these reinforce- 
ments ? What three armies attempted to capture Jackson ? 
What was the result ? What was this campaign of Jackson's 
called ? What did it prove Jackson to be ? At what battle was 
General Joseph E. Johnston wounded ? Who took his place ? 
What battles were fought around Richmond ? What was the 
name of the last of these battles ? What was the result of the 
second battle of Bull Run ? Who were the generals on each side ? 
When did it take place ? What town did Jackson capture ? 
What generals fought the battle of Antietfim ? What was the 
result of this battle ? At what battle was General Burnside 
defeated ? When ? Who succeeded Burnside ? What was the 
result of the battle of Chancellorsville ? What great loss did 
the Confederates sustain? What can you say of "Stonewall" 
Jackson ? What did Lee determine to do after the battle of 
Chancellorsville? Where was he met? By whom ? How many 
•days did the battle last ? What was the result ? What city in 
the west surrendered the day after the last fight at Gettysburg ? 

Write the Black-board Form for the battles of 
the East. 




THE LAST CHARGE AT GETT YSIi L' 1< 



The Last of the War. 233 



GEDGRilPHY QUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER LIV. 

Where is Chattanooga ? 

In what part of Georgia is Atlanta ? 

In what direction from Chattanooga is Atlanta ? 

In what part of Tennessee is Nashville ? 

VVhat direction is Nashville from Atlanta ? 

Where is Richmond ? 

In what part of Virginia is Norfolk ? 

Name soine of llie seaports in the Southern States. 

CHAPTER LIV. 
The Last of the War. 

1. [n all the four years that the Civil War lasted, there 
had been but little hghting- on sea. The Confederate 
States owned few vessels. England sympathized with the 
Southern States, and at one time permitted a cruiser, call- 
ed the Alabama, to be fitted up for them. The Alabama 
did much damage to Union vessels, but was at last de- 
stroyed by the United States ship of war Kkarsarge in 
1S64. 

2. In the early part of the war a vessel, called the 
Merrimac, was heavily covered with iron by the Con- 
federates, and its name changed to the Virginia. A 
short distance from Norfolk,, Virginia, it destroyed the 
Union war-ships, Cumberland and Congress. Before 
any more damage could be inflicted, a peculiar war- vessel, 
called the Monitor, the invention of Captain Ericsson of 
New York, appeared and gave battle, and the Virginia 
was forced to withdraw. 



224 



Period of Independevce. 




VIRGINIA AND MONITOK. 



3. Not long- after the war had commenced, the sea- 
ports of the South were blockaded by Union ships of war. 
These ships permitted no vessel to enter or leave the 
port blockaded. As there were millions of bales of cotton 
sent to England every year, and supplies and manu- 
factures were received in return, the blockading of these 
ports worked many hardships and did much to weaken 
the [South. Fleet vessels resorted to running the 
BLOCKADE, and many narrow escapes were encountered 
by them. 

4. You will remember that General Joseph E. John- 
ston was placed in command of Bragg's army after its 
defeat at Chattanooga. He had recovered from the 
wound received a year or more before at the battle of 
Seven Pines. 



The Last of the War. 225 



5. General Grant's brilliant victory at Chattanooga 
and the ability shown by him in previous battles had 
caused him to be now considered the ablest general upon 
the Union side. He received the appointment of Com- 
mander-in-Chief of all the Union armies in March, 1864. 

6. Leaving Sherman in charge of the army that was 
to attack Johnston, he hastened to Virginia to take up the 
campaign against Lee. Sherman advanced into Georgia, 
and, though the Confederate army was managed with the 
greatest skill, it was forced back as far as Atlanta, 
after fighting a number of battles. 

7. General Johnston was then superseded bv General 
Hood, who made three unsuccessful attacks, in which 
a great number of men were killed on both sides. 
Hood and Sherman then separated ; Hood marching 
back to Tennessee, where he was defeated by General 
Thomas at Nashville, and Sherman continuing his 
march through Georgia to the sea coast. The whole 
state was overrun by the Union army, houses were 
burned, and many cruelties inflicted upon the defenseless 
inhabitants. 

8. When Grant took command in \^irginia, he knew 
that the only way to end the war was to destroy Lee's 
army. By this time the Confederate States had become 
greatly weakened. The number of men to draw from 
for the army had been growing smaller and smaller. 
When a soldier was killed now, there was none to take 
his place. The southern soldiers that fought the last 
battles of the war underwent evexy hardship. 

9. A number of battles between Grant and Lee took 
place. Among these were the Wilderness, fought May 



2ZG 



Period of Ijidependence. 



5th and 6th; the battles of Spottsylvania, May 8-13, 
and the . battle of Cold Harbor, June 3. In these 
battles, more than forty thousand Union and thirty thous- 
and Confederate soldiers were killed. But Grant could 
better afford to lose men than Lee, so he kept up his 
persistent attacks. 

10. It is now known that Lee was one of the greatest 
generals that ever lived, but all his ability could not 
save the Confederate army under the continuous ham- 
mering it received from Grant. April 3, Richmond 
was surrendered, and April 9, after having fought so 
long and well, Lee and his ragged, half-starved soldiers, 
gave up their arms at Appomattox, and the war was 
over. 



HLilCK-BDZlRD FORM, 



Last Battles. 



East. \ 



South . 



1864 

1865 
1S64 



f Wilderness 

\ Sfiottsvlvaiiia. 

I 

I Cold Harbor. 

Capture of Riclnnoiid. 

Appomattox Surrender. 

Atlanta. 

Nash-'ille. 



^lestions. 337 

QUESTIONS. 

Whj was there but little sea fighting in this war? With 
whom did England sympathize ? What vessel was fitted up in 
England tor the Confederates ? What became of her ? What 
did the Confederates do with the Merrimac ? What Union 
vessels were destroyed ? What put a stop to the Virginia's de- 
stroying other vessels ? Why were Southern ports blockaded ? 
What was resorted to by fleet vessels ? Who took command of 
Bragg's army after the battle of Chattanooga ? Where did Grant 
go after this battle ? What was the result of the battles in north 
Georgia between Johnston and Sherman ? Who superseded 
Johnston ? What were the results of his attacks upon the Union 
forces ? Where did he then go ? What was the result of the 
battle of Nashville ? What did Grant determine to do in order 
to end the war ? Name some of the battles that took place be- 
tween Grant and Lee ? Why could Grant afford to lose men ? 
When was Richmond surrendered ? When was Lee's surrender 
made ? Where ? To whom ? 

AVrite the Black-board Form for the last battles of 
the war. 



228 



Period of Independence. 



^-inQeutew- (blut-vt'n 



0/ 



(Me (W^^J(2^a^i. 



Pyiticipal 
Generals. 



Confederate 



Principal 
Battles. 



Union . 



1861. 



1862. 



1S63. 



1864. 



J 86s. 



C Lee. 
I '[Jackson. 
I A. S. yohnston . 
■\ y . E. yoJinston. 
I Beauregard. 
\ Bragg-. 
I Hood. 

[ Grant. 
I Meade. 
I Thomas. 
\ Hooker. 

Slierman . 
I McClcllan. 
{Pope. 

j Bull Run. 

\ Wilson'' s Creek, 

{Shiloh. 

I Second Bull Run. 
-\ Antictam. 

Fredricksburg. 

Murfreesboro . 

f C/tancellorsz'ille. 
] Gettysburg. 
1 Chicka manga. 
[ Chattanooga. 

( Sp ottsylva n ia . 
I Cold Harbor. 
"] Atlanta. 
^Nashville. 

f Richmond Captured. 
\ Lee''s Surre?ider. 



The i6th and lyth Fresidents. 



G-E D GRAPH Y UE STI D N S , 

PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER LV . 

Where is Illinois ? West Virginia ? 

Where is Nevada ? 

In what part of North America is Alaska ? 

In what part of Europe is Russia ? 

What country of Asia lies between Russia and Alaska ? 

Who owns this country r 

Where is Nebraska ? 

CHAPTER LV. 



The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Presidents. 

1. AuRAHAM Lincoln, of Illinois, was the sixteenth 
President, and was inaugurated, as you know, in 1861. 
During his administration two states were admitted. 
When Virginia seceded from the Union the people of the 
western portion remained loyal. A state government of 
their own was organized, and 
the state now known as West 
Virginia, was made part of 
the Union in 1S63. Nevada, 
admitted in 1S64. was the other 
state. 

2. While he was president, 
the principal events that occur- 
red were, for the most part, 
connected with the war of 
which you have just learned. 
In the first year of this war, the United States narrowly 
escaped a serious difficulty with England. 




AUKjMiAM LINCOLN'. 



230 



Period of Ijidcfcndciicc. 



3. The Confederate Government had sent two com- 
missioners to Europe. These commissioners were John 
Slidell and James M. Masox. They took passage in 
the English vessel Trent. 

4. On the way, the Trent was stopped by a United 
States ship of war, and she was compelled to give up the 
commissioners. This was looked upon by England as an 
insult to her flag, and it was only by releasing Slidell 
and Mason, that the United States avoided further trouble, 

5. January i, 1S63, Lincoln issued his celebrated 
Emancipation Proclamation, declaring the slaves in 
the seceded states free. He was elected for a second 

term, but had hardly served two 
months w^hen he was assassinated 
by an actor, named J. Wilkes 
Booth. 

6. Vice-President Andrew 
Johnson became president, and 
during his administration Alaska 
f; ^ was purchased of Riissia for 
$7,200,000, and Nebraska ad- 
ANDKEw JOHNSON. uiittcd as a state. 

7. Johnson became very unpopular with the political 
party that had elected him. Toward the end of his term, 
he was impeached for removing a man from oftice without 
consent of the Senate, in violation of a law of Congress. 
Upon trial he was acquitted. 




J3 lack-Board Form, 



ELACK-BDilRE FORM, 



f Inaiiguratioti . 
iSbi \ Civil War. 
Trent Affair . 



TJncoln 

a7id 

'jfoIinso7i'' s 

Administration . 



1S63 



Emattcipation Proclamation . 



West Virginia Admitted. 
1864 \ Nevada Admitted. 

Appomattox Si/rren der . 



/S6i 



1S67 



Assassinatio?i of Lincoln . 

Nebraska Admitted. 
Alaska Purchased. 



y 1S6S -j Impeachment of yohnson. 
QUESTIONS. 

Who was the sixteenth president ? The seventeenth ? What 
two states were admitted while Lincoln was president ? What 
one while Johnson ? With what were the principal events of 
Lincoln's administration connected ? What difficulty with Eng- 
land did the United States narrowly escape ? What were the 
names of the Confederate commissioners ? What was the 
name of the English vessel ? When did Lincoln issue the 
Emancipation Proclamation ? What happened to Lincoln shortly 
after entering upon his second term ? What was the name of his 
murderer ? What territory was purchased while Johnson was 
president ? What was the price paid ? Why was Johnson im- 
peached ? What was the result of his impeachment ? 

Write the Black-l>oard Form for Lincoln and John- 
son's Administration. 




The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-First 
Presidents. 



I. The eighteenth President of the United States was 
General Ulysses vS. Grant, who was inaugurated in 
1S69. He served two terms, and, before his administration 
came to an end, the Southern States had all been re- 
admitted, and the country was once more united. 

3. The war settled the question of slavery. Since 
its close, three amendments have been added to the 
constitution ; one, affirming the emancipation that Lincoln 
had proclaimed, the other two, conferring upon the 
negroes certain rights and making them citizens. 

3. The principal events of Grant's administration 
were the completion of the Pacific Railroad, the 
Death of Robert E. Lee, Chicago and Boston 
Fires, the wars with the Modoc and Sioux Indians, the 
Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, and the Dis- 
puted Presidential Election of 1876. 



The i8th, iQt/i, 20th, and 2ist Presidents. 33 j 



4. The Pacific Railroad \va.s finished in 1S69, and 
was the first raih'oad built across the great western 
plains to San Francisco. The Chicago fire took place in 
1S71, and the Boston fire in 1873. In both, much valu- 
able property was destroyed, and gi"eat suffering ensued. 




CUSTER'S LAST KALLV. 



5. The Modoc war took place, in Oregon, in 1873, 
and the Sioux, in Dakota, in 1S76. It was during the 
Sioux war that a brave general, named Custer, and his 
troops were surrounded and massacred, near the Big 
Horn River, Montana, by a large body of Indians- 
under their chief. Sitting Bull. 

6. When a successor to Grant was to be elected, the 
Democrats put forth, as their candidate, Samuel J. 
TiLDEN, of New York; the Republicans, Rutherford- 



1234 



Period of Imlependencc. 




RUTIIERFOKD B. HAVES. 



B. Hayes, of Ohio. Both sides claimed the election ; 
and great excitement, that threatened trouble, prevailed. 

An Electoral Commission of 
fifteen was appointed to decide 
the matter, and the vote of this 
Commi^ion stood eight to seven 
in favor of Hayes, who became 
-^""z the nineteenth president. 

7. Hayes served one term, 
during which there were Rail- 
road Riots in Pennsylvania, 
and two yellow fever epidemics 
at points in the Mississippi Valley. 
The candidates to f^ucceed him were James A. Gar- 
field, nominated by the Republicans, and General 
WiNFiELD Scott Hancock, by the Democrats. Gar- 
field was elected by a decided majority and became, 
upon his inauguration in 18S1, the 
twentieth president. 

S. There was every prospect be- 
fore him of a peaceful, prosperous 
administration, but, before he was 
president four months, he was shot 
by a disappointed office seeker, p ") 
named Charles J. Guiteau, and 

■died from the effects of the wound ^^ ' ^ ■' 

two months after. james a. garfield. 

9. Vice-President Chester A. Arthur was called 
to fill the unexpired term, and in his administration 
manifested unexpected ability and wisdom. While he 




The i8th^ igth^ 20f/i, and 21st Presidents. 235. 



was president, the Brooklyn Bridge, one of the largest 
in the world, was completed between the cities of Brook- 
lyn and New York. 

10. In 18S4, the great World's Exposition at New 
Orleans was opened. The largest buildings ever built 
in the United States had been 
erected for the purpose. President 
Arthur himself set in motion 
the great machinery in one of 
these buildings by sending a cur- 
rent of electricity over the tele- 
graph wires from Washington. 

11. In 1S84, the presidential 
candidates of the two great politi- 
cal parties were Grover Cleve- 
land, of New York, and James 
G. Blaine, of Maine. Cleveland was elected and was 
inaugurated in 1SS5, the twenty-second president of the 
United States and the first Democratic president since- 
Buchanan. 




CHESTER A. ARTHUK. 



236 



Period of Independence. 



BLACK-HDARn FORM, 



'Un^c-c/i^d' 



/4 






Grn?if . 



Administration of \ 



Hayes. 



Garfield 
and 



i86g- 

i8jo- 
iSji ■ 

1872- 

1876 
[1S77 



III a uj^ii ra tio 11 . 

Pacific Railroad Completed 

Deatli of Robert E. Lee. 

Chicag-o Fire. 

Boston Fire. 

Modoc War. 

Centennial . 

Colorado Admitted. 

Sioux War. 

Electoral Commission . 



Inauguration . 
Railroad Riots, 

^ J \ Tello'M Fever Epidemic. 



\1877 
1 1^-7^ 



1881 



j Inaugurati 
\ Assassinat 



Inausritrated. 
it ion. 



/?, 1 ^.P nVorhVs Exposition 

Arthur. \1S84l at Nezu Orleam 



Geography Questions. 337 

QUESTIONS. 

Who was the eighteenth president of the United States ? 
Nineteenth ? Twentieth ? Twenty-first ? When was Grant inau- 
gurated ? How many terms did he serve ? What question had 
been settled by the war ? What three amendments had been 
made to the Constitution by the time Grant's second term 
expired ? What were the principal events of Grant's adminis- 
tration ? When was the Pacific Railroad finished? When did 
the Chicago fire occur ? The Boston ? What two Indian wars 
took place while Grant was president ? What general lost his 
life in the Sioux war ? When did this war occur ? Who was 
the Democratic candidate opposed to Hayes ? What was the 
Electoral Commission ? What took place in Pennsylvania while 
Hayes was president? What epidemics? Who were the candi- 
dates to succeed Hayes? Who was elected? When inaugurated? 
What happened to Garfield ? How did Arthur administer the 
affairs of the government ? What two events occurred while 
Arthur was president ? What can you say of the World's Expo- 
sition at New Orleans ? Who were the candidates of the two 
great parties in 18S4 ? Who was elected ? Who was the last 
Democratic president before Cleveland ? 

Write the Black-board Form for Grant's Adniinis- 
tratiou. Haves'. Garfield and Arthur's. 



EEDGRAPHY QUESTIDNS, 

PRELIMIXARY TO CHAPTER LVII. 

Where is the Mississippi River ? 

What states between this river and the Alleghany Mountains ? 

Where is Florida ? Alaska ? Texas ? 

Where is Lake Erie ? Hudson River ? 

Where is St. Louis ? Brooklyn ? 

In what state is the mouth of the Mississippi ? 

•Where is South Carolina ? Charleston ? 



238 



Period of Independence. 



CHAPTER LVII. 



The United States of To-day. 

I. VoLi now know some of the changes that have 
occurred in this coui>try from the time of the Discovery 

by Columbus to the election 
of President Cleveland. You 
have read how the country was 
explored, then colonized, and 
how the thirteen English colo- 
nies, occupying at first a nar- 
row strip along the Atlantic 
coast, have spread backward, 
growing in population and in- 
I creasing in size, as time passed 
on, until the United States came 
Ito be as it now is. 

2. First, the French and 
Indian War gave these colo- 
GRovER CLEVELAND. ulsts uudlsputed Hght to thc 

territory between the Alleghany Mountains and the Mis- 
sissippi River; and, after independence was won from 
England, this territory was increased first, by the 
Louisiana Purchase, then, by the Florida Cession, the 
Texas Annexation, the Mexican Cession, the Gadsden 
Purchase, and the Purchase of Alaska. 

3. While this country has been growing in size and 
population, many improvements have been made and. 
great inventions given to the world. Among these im- 
provements may be named the Erie Canal, in the States 




The United States of To-day. 



•39 



of New York, connecting Lake Erie and the Hudson 
River, the great bridgf.s over the Mississippi River at St.. 




THE JETTIES. 



Louis, and East River, Brooklyn ; and the Jetties, 
built by Captain James B. Eads, at the mouth of the 
Mississippi River, enabling the largest ocean vessels to 
enter from the Gulf. 

4. Among the inventions may be named the first 
STEAMBOAT, designed by Robert Fulton, in 1S07 ; the 
first RAILROAD, built in 1827; the first locomotive, built 
in 1S30 by Peter Cooper and used on the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad ; the first sew^ing machine invented 
in 1843 by Elias Howe ; the telegraph, invented by 
Prof, Morse, in 1S44, and the cylinder printing press, 
by Hoe ; the telephone, bv Bell; the electric light, 
by Edison ; and the reaper by McCormick. 



340 



Period of hidefendence. 



i^. Before the year 1793. very little cottou was raised 
on account of the difficulty of separating the lint from 
the seed. In that year, Ei.i Whitney invented the cot- 
ton GIN, and the importance of this invention is seen 
when it is known that almost six million bales of cotton 
are now raised every year. 

6. Since the inauguration of President Cleveland, 




AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE. 



several great labor strikes have occurred ; and a num- 
ber of prominent men, among whom are Grant, McClel- 



Questions. 241 

LAN, Hendricks, the Vice-President elected with Cleve- 
land, Hancock, and Tilden have died. 

7. In the year 1S86, a destructive earthquake vis- 
ited South Carolina and caused great loss of life and 
property in Charleston and other towns. Cleveland's 
administration is marked by a great revival of indus- 
tries in the South. New towns are springing up, and 
numberless manufactories are being erected, railroads 
constructed and rich mines of coal, iron, and other 
minerals developed. 

8. For the rest of this period, the boys and girls 
who are studying this history must go to the many 
newspapers that are being published. In them you will 
read of questions that are now before the country. 
Among these are "Civil Service Reform," "Protective 
Tariff and Free Trade," " National Aid to Education," 
"Relations of Capital and Labor," " Prohibition," and 
others. See what you can tell your teacher about these 
for your next lesson. 



QUESTIONS. 



How many English colonies were there? What purchase first 
increased the size of the United States? What was the next 
territory acquired? What territory was annexed? What territory 
ceded by Mexico? Purchased? What territory \vas_^ bought from 
Russia? Name four great improvements that have been made. 
Where are the jetties? Who constructed them? Name some 
great inventions by Americans. When was the 'first steamboat 
built? By whom? The first railroad built? The first, locomo- 
tive? By whom? When was the telegraph invented? By whom? 
Who invented the sewing machine? Cylinder printing press? 



243 Period of Independence. 

Cotton gin? When was it invented? Why is this invention to 
be regarded a great one? What events have occurred in Cleve- 
land's Administration? What great men have died? What earth- 
quake visited the country? Where was this earthquake most 
severely felt? What great industrial revival marks Cleveland's 
Administi-ation? Where must you go to learn more of this 
period of history? Name some of the questions that are now 
before the country. Learn of some of these questions for the 
next lesson. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

When was slavery introduced ? 
What were the causes of the Civil War ? 
What was the first battle of this war ? 

Name five Union generals that took part in this war. Five 
Confederate. 

What battles were fought between the following generals : 

Grant and A. S. Johnston ? 

McDowell and J. E. Johnston ? 

Bragg and Rosecrans ? 

Grant and Bragg ? 

Lee and McClellan ? 

McClellan and J. E. Johnston ? 

Lee and Burnside ? 

Lee and Pope ? 

Lee and Hooker ? 

Lee and Meade ? 

Lee and Grant ? 

J. E. Johnston and Sherman ? 

Sherman and Hood ? 

Hood and Thomas ? 
Name two battles that took place in 1861. Four in 1862* 
Four in 1863. Four in 1864. 
What was the Valley Campaign ? 



Review J^uestio7is. 243 

How many times did Lee invade the North? 

What battle preceded each invasion ? 

What battle checked each invasion ? 

What was the Red River Expedition ? 

W^hat was the result of it ? 

What was the great battle of the West ? 

What victory made Grant Commander-in-chief of the Union 
Army ? 

How was possession of the Mississippi River obtained ? 

W^hat were " Blockade Runners ? " 

Why were Southern ports blockaded ? 

W^ho was President of the Confederate States of America ? 
Vice-President ? 

What state was first to secede ? 

Name a general on each side that fought a battle in Missis- 
sippi. Tennessee. Georgia. Missouri. Virginia. Maryland. 
Louisiana. Pennsylvania. 

What were the results of the Civil W^ar ? 

Write what you know of Stonewall Jackson. 

Write what yon know of General Thomas. 

Write what you know of General R. E. Lee. 

W^rite what yon know of General U. S. Grant. 



244 Period of Independence. 

GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Name the Spanish discoverers and tell what each did ? 
French ? English ? 

Name ten men connected with the colonizing of America? 
Name the thirteen English colonies in the order of their settle- 
ment. 

Name seven Indian wars. 

Name two wars in the United States History caused by disputed 
territory. 

Name three wars caused by colonial jealousies ? 
Name five Indians who are famous in United States History. 
Give the results of the following wars : French and Indian 
War of 1812. Tripolitan. Mexican. 

Name ten naval battles mentioned in United States History, 
and tell in what war each took place. 

Give the causes of the following wars : Revolution. War of 
1812. Mexican. Civil War. 

What was the lost colony of America. 

Name all the explorers connected with the Mississippi River. 
W^hen was Charleston founded ? Captured by -the British 1 
Visited by an earthquake ? 

W^hen was New Orleans founded ? A battle fought there ? 
Captured by the Unionists ? 

When did Cornwallis surrender ? W^hat Union general was 
here held in check for a month ? 

What territory has been added to the Thirteen Colonies ? 
Who was the first President of the United States ? 
Who is now President ? 
What Presidents served two terms ? 
Name four accidental Presidents ? 

What two Presidents died in office ? Were assassinated ? 
By what name is the Republican party founded by Thomas 
Jefferson now known ? 

What party was then opposed to it ? What party now ? 
Name some great improvements that have been executed in. 
the United States ? 



Getieral Review ^lestions. 245 

What proclamation did Lincoln issue ? 

Name five great inventions by Americans ? 

Name the Presidents in their order. 

Who was President when the following occurred : 

The Civil War ? 

The Annexation of Texas ? 

The Purchase of Louisiana ? 

The Invention of the Telegraph ? 

The Sioux War? 

The Battle of New Orleans ? 

The Whiskey Rebellion ? 

The Missouri Compromise ? 

The Gadsden Purchase ? 

The Charleston .Earthquake ? 

The Raid of John Brown ? 

The War of 1812? 

The Burning of the Philadelphia? 

The Cession of Florida ? 

The Death of Clay, Calhoun and Webster ? 

The Purchase of Alaska r 

The Expedition of Lewis and Clark ? 

The Admission of Texas .' 

The Kansas Struggle ? 

The Bombardment of F9rt Sumter ? 

The Seminole War ? 

The World's Exposition ? 

The Trent Affair ? 

The Battle of San Jacinto ? 

The Invention of the Cotton Gin ? 

The Death of Grant : 

The Discovery of Gold ? 

The W^ebster-Ashburton Treaty ? 

The Battle of Lake Erie ? 
Write a list of the twenty-live greatest naiues in 
United States History, and tell why you think them 
the most famous. 



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